The development of allergic rhinitis is considered to be caused by the complex interactions between genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in the interleukin (IL)-13/4/4RA pathway have previously been shown to be associated with atopic diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between IL-13 R130Q, IL-4 T589C, IL4 receptor alpha (IL-4RA) I50V, or IL-4RA Q576R polymorphisms and risk of allergic rhinitis in a hospital-based Malaysian population. A case-control pilot study was undertaken and genotyping of these polymorphisms was performed using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism on 54 allergic rhinitis patients and 45 healthy individuals. Polymorphism of IL-13 R130Q showed significant difference in genotype (p 0.048) and allele (p 0.002) frequencies in allergic rhinitis when compared with healthy controls. Individuals who were GA heterozygotes (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj] 3.567; 95% CI, 1.211–10.509), and carriers of A allele genotype (ORadj 3.686; 95% CI, 1.300 –10.451) and A allele (ORadj 3.071; 95% CI, 1.514 – 6.232) had an elevated risk of developing allergic rhinitis. The genotype and allele frequencies of IL-4 T589C, IL-4RA
I50V, and IL-4RA Q576R polymorphisms were not significantly different between the allergic rhinitis patients and normal healthy individuals and did not show an associated risk with allergic rhinitis. Our findings indicate that polymorphic variant of IL-13 R130Q appears to be associated with increased risk for development of allergic rhinitis in a hospital-based Malaysian population but not IL-4 T589C, IL-4RA I50V, and IL-4RA Q576 polymorphisms. Additional studies using larger sample size are required to confirm our findings and its exact role in allergic rhinitis.
Cow's milk protein allergy is an urgent problem in young children. Early diagnostics and formation of therapeutic tactics are the basic priorities in allergy treatment among young children. Oral provocation tests, which can be performed only in medical establishments, are a golden standard for diagnosing food allergy. Active search continues for optimal scheme of diagnosing cow's milk protein allergy in children in the first year of life. The aim of our research was to create the algorithm of diagnosing cow's milk protein allergy in children younger than one year of age, which will optimize obtaining reliable data on a patient's condition and decrease a load of laboratory examinations on young children using elimination and provocation food test. To complete the set goal, a record of allergological anamnesis, examination, assessment of physical condition and determination of specific IgE to cow's milk proteins were conducted to diagnose cow's milk protein allergy. Then, based on the obtained results, elimination and provocation food test was performed in two phases - elimination phase and provocation phase. Diagnostic in vitro is needed to choose the level of medical establishment for conduction of oral provocation tests: in case a specific IgE index is over 0.7 kU/L, testing is performed in an intensive care unit, if IgE is less than 0.7 kU/L - in a specialized inpatient department. Three clinical cases involving different methods have been presented for diagnosing cow's milk protein allergy - elimination and provocation test, oral provocation test and administration of individual diet based on the obtained results. A complex diagnostic approach, in particular, study of anamnesis, record of nutrition diary, elimination diet, enables to optimize diagnostics of food allergy, and diagnostic addition of a product - to assess tolerance clinically during extension of diet. An elaborated method of diagnosing cow's milk protein allergy in children younger than one year of age can be recommended for wide use in a clinical practice.
Aim: To determine the prevalence and to estimate factors associated with food hypersensitivity in young children of the Lviv region in Ukraine.
Methods: A prospective cross-sectional survey study was conducted between 2016 and 2017 in the Lviv region of Ukraine. A specially designed questionnaire about food hypersensitivity of young children developed and validated by M. J. Flokstra-de Blok was used after translation into the Ukrainian language. The questionnaire included 34 questions, grouped into general and detailed information. Parents of children aged 0–3 years were asked to complete the questionnaire at pre-schools and medical institutions.
Results: Among 4,500 distributed questionnaires, 3,214 (71%) were completed and processed. Parents reported that 25% of their young children had food hypersensitivity. According to the survey the most common agents involved in food hypersensitivity in young children were cow's milk (34%), egg (28%), and wheat (24%). Hypersensitivity to milk occurred in 50% of children in the age group of 1–2 years. Regional differences associated with food hypersensitivity were also found. Namely, in the Carpathians, there was more hypersensitivity to fish (27%) and honey (22%) than in other regions, while hypersensitivity to soy was detected mostly in Lviv City residents (8.5%). Unknown causes of food hypersensitivity were highly reported (34%) in the Carpathians.
Conclusion: Prevalence and some distinctiveness of food hypersensitivity revealed in four geographic and climate zones as well as in Lviv City have a considerable practical use for formulation of recommendations for children with food hypersensitivity.
Premature infants are at high risk for diseases associated with impaired adaptation of the immature digestive tract, such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) or late-onset sepsis (LOS), as well as severe neonatal morbidities associated with these diseases. This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of prophylactic enteral use of bovine lactoferrin for the prevention of severe neonatal diseases in premature infants. The prospective cohort study included 117 premature infants with gestational age (GA) of ≤32 weeks, a birth weight of ≤1,500 g, and an age of ≤72 hours. 27 infants who were receiving enteral feeds were randomized to receive lactoferrin at a dose of 100 mg/day until postmenstrual age (PMA) of 36 weeks or discharge (at least 4 weeks). 90 infants formed the control group and received standard treatment. The primary outcome was the incidence of LOS, the secondary outcomes were the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), severe brain damage, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), overall mortality, as well as the age of achieving full enteral feeds, duration of antibacterial therapy, length of stay in NICU and the total length of hospital stay. Enteral lactoferrin supplementation did not reduce the incidence of LOS (29.6% in the lactoferrin group against 22.7% in the control group; p=0.85), NEC (5.6% vs. 1.8%, respectively; p=0.11) and overall mortality (18.5% vs. 9.1%, respectively; p=0.06), as well as the incidence of severe intraventricular hemorrhages (18.5% vs. 9.8%, respectively; p=0.17), PVL (11.1% vs. 2.2%, respectively; p=0.17) and BPD (14.8% vs. 25.6%, respectively; p = 0.25). Infants receiving lactoferrin were achieving full enteral feeds significantly faster compared to the control group (14 (10-17) days vs. 19 (13-32) days, respectively; p=0.007). The total length of hospital stay of infants with GA ≤28 weeks in the lactoferrin group was significantly shorter compared to the control group (74 (68-89) vs. 98 (83-109) days, respectively; p=0.048). Enteral lactoferrin supplementation at a dose of 100 mg/day does not affect the main morbidity and mortality of prematurely born infants with GA ≤ 32 weeks but may facilitate significantly faster achievement of the full enteral feeds and the reduction of the length of hospital stay in the tiniest infants.
Lead is known to be highly toxic to humans, causing various disorders infetal development. An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of lead acetate on the structural organization of female rat ovaries. The study involved 40 non-linear female rats divided into four groups: a control group, a low-dose group, a moderate-dose group, and a high-dose group. The rats were given lead acetate solutions in varying doses for 30 days, and their ovarian tissue was examined using light microscopy.The results showed that increasing doses of lead acetate led to morphological changes in the cortex and medulla of the rat ovaries. The changes were characterized by a decrease in ovarian mass, alterations in the thickness of the tunica albuginea (protein envelope), and a reduction in the number of follicles. Light microscopy revealed that exposure to lead acetate resulted in a significant decrease in the number of follicles in all experimental groups, with the high-dose group experiencing the most significant decrease.These findings suggest that lead acetate has a dose-dependent negative impact on the morphology and function of female rat ovaries. Further studies are needed to investigate the potential impact of lead on human ovarian tissue.