The article deals with the issues of developing students’ creative skills at medical educational institutions. Intensification of students’ creative potential occurs through the formation of thinking, research and communication skills, ability to interact with information means and technologies. Second-year students of General Medicine Faculty were involved in the experiment at Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University in Ukraine. Experimental and control groups included 172 students in each one. We singled out two groups: a control group – training based on
the available basic course “Professional English in Medicine” and an experimental group – training based on a combination of two courses: the basic course “Professional English in Medicine” and the elective course “Special Medical Terminology”. Homogeneity of the control and experimental groups was checked using Student’s t-test. Testing 0-hypothesis showed no significant differences between samples for the reliability level 0.05 (5% probability). At the first stage of the experimental study, students’ performance was considered at the beginning of the experiment in the control and experimental groups. Students were divided into three levels: high (82–100 points), medium (64–81 points) and low (50–63 points). Certainty of differences between groups was tested using Pearson’s chi-squared test (χ2), according to which the critical value was = 5.991, and the corresponding empirical value = 0.414. Thus, any differences between the results of the control and experimental groups are random variations with a probability of less than 5%, and, therefore, the samples are homogeneous by the research indicator. Verification of reliability of the obtained results in improving the level of creativity in students was checked by Pearson’s chi-squared test (χ2), according to which the critical value equaled 5.991 and the corresponding empirical value = 6.11. Thus, any differences between the results of the control and experimental groups are with a probability of less than 5% and based on the result of introduction of an active pedagogical factor into the educational process, and, therefore, the difference between the control and experimental groups is expected for the studied indicator. To define creative abilities, we used Joy Paul Guilford’s parameters and factors for interpreting variations in creativity: sensitivity to problems; flexibility and fluency; originality; synthesis, analysis; reorganizing or redefining; complexity and evaluation;
to determine verbal aspect of students’ creativity, we applied the techniques suggested by Walther Moede and Sarnoff A. Mednick. All students performed significant improvement in the ability to generate a lot of ideas; they also showed a steady increase in such forms of creativity as sensitivity to problems, flexibility and fluency. Slight increase was noticed in reorganizing or redefining, complexity and evaluation. The students’ ability to solve problems by realization of relevant analytical and synthetic operations must be taken into consideration while developing creativity and creative communication of medical students.
The article highlights the new approach to teaching a foreign language to medical students as a reasonable mixed method of traditional teaching and the use of modern technologies. Teaching process at higher medical educational institutions is based on innovative didactic technologies, mechanisms and procedures. Many theories suggest implementation of combined classroom and online teaching called blended or hybrid learning. The aim of this investigation is to develop practical recommendations for successful integration of blended learning with traditional teaching medical students at the Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University. Web-basedtechnology stimulates and promotes self-learning, keeps the learner at the centre of the learning process using personality-oriented and technology-mediated approaches. E-learning promotes autonomy and motivates students to learn throughout the life performing specific tasks before or after classroom learning. The research involved 47 groups of students studying General Medicine at Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University (602 second-year students, 2017-2018 academic year). The experiment consisted of 40% of e-learning and 60% of classroom teaching. Assessing performance, we concluded that students' academic performance results improved from 15% to 23% depending on the language skill due to the integration of blended learning strategies into the teaching process. Blended learning also assists students to choose and interpret required tasks, to assess cases related to future medical profession, and to apply compulsory information, which requires proficiency and practical skills.
Abstract. The research substantiates Japanese experience of media literacy and oral communication skills development by digital storytelling (DST); reveals theoretical background and current practical application of DST in higher education of Japan. DST has significant advantages as an individual- and situation-oriented tool of oral communication as well as the instrument of psychological and learning influence on society. It is continuously implemented into Japanese educational and social practice. Famous universities of Japan initiate and realize scientific and academic projects, extending communication connections of Japanese population, improving their skills of critical thinking and argumentation, developing desires and abilities to communicate freely, fluently, confidently and persuasively. At present DST shows a positive growing tendency as a teaching and learning tool in higher education of both Japan and Ukraine. This is primarily linked with the global processes of social digitalization, computerization of education and urgent transferring to distance learning due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Evidence-based studies prove the efficacy of DST as the learning and evaluation instrument of oral communication skills, i. e. in English. Moreover, the technology can be applied in different specialties, i. e. medical one. The healthcare branch was drastically influenced by quarantine restrictions, having resulted in fundamental transformations of teaching and learning approaches, implementation of e-learning and telemedicine. DST has a confirmed positive influence on public health and medical knowledge development. In higher medical education it can be used as a new type of virtual patients. DST can improve physician-patient communication skills, professional qualities, tolerance and empathy. Our research confirms the potential of DST as a powerful developmental tool of media literacy and oral communication skills, and proves the requirement for the implementation of Japanese experience into higher education of Ukraine.
Реферат
Мета. Провести аналіз повідомлень про побічні реакції та відсутність ефективності лікарських засобів, зареєстрованих лікарями міста Львова та області у 2020 році.
Матеріали і методи. Об'єктом нашого дослідженнябули повідомленя, що надішли у Державний Експертний Центр Міністерства Охорони Здоров»я України від лікарів міста Львова, району та області впродовж 2018-2020 років через автоматизовану інформаційну систему фармаконагляду та карти повідомлення (форма 137/о) про побічні реакції та відсутність ефективності лікарських засобів. Застосовано методи системного, клініко-фармакологічного та статистичного підходу.
Результати й обговорення. У 2020 році у Львівській області було зареєстровано та подано до Центру 323 повідомлення про побічні реакції та відсутність ефективності лікарських засобів. Проведений аналіз повідомлень показав, що побічні реакції на лікарські засоби найчастіше виникали у жінок (59%), ніж у чоловіків (41%). Найбільша кількість виявлених побічних реакцій на лікарські засоби спостерігалась у пацієнтів зрілого (44-60 років) – 28,2% та похилого (60-75 років) віку – 23,5%.
Серед лікарських засобів з доведеним причино-наслідковим зв'язком перше місце за частотою виникнення побічних реакцій посіли хіміотерапевтичні засоби (40,3%), серед яких лідируючі позиції, як і в минулі 2018 та 2019 роки займали антибактеріальні засоби (32,2%), а серед останніх у 12,7% випадків побічні реакції були викликані протитуберкульозними лікарськими засобами. Хотілось би відмітити, що групи-лідери лікарських засобів, що викликали побічні реакції у пацієнтів Львівського регіону впродовж 2018-2020 років були незмінними. Так, друге місце за частотою виникнення побічних реакцій посіли лікарські засоби, що впливають на серцево-судинну систему. Аналізуючи динаміку виникнення побічних реакцій на тлі цієї групи лікарських засобів, слід відмітити, статистично значуще збільшення частоти побічних реакцій з 12,4% до 19,2% (р≤0,05) у 2018 та 2020рр. відповідно, що свідчить про зростання серцево-судинної патології у Львові та області. Третю позицію за частотою виникнення побічних реакцій у вказаному річному діапазоні незмінно займають нестероїдні протизапальні засоби.
Важливо відмітити про статистично значуще зменшення домінуючого типу побічних реакцій у вигляді алергічних реакцій негайного типу з 43% до 22,9% (р≤0,05) у пацієнтів, які лікувались у 2018 та 2020рр. відповідно. Побічні реакції з боку шлунково-кишкового тракту у 2018-2020 роках виникали майже з однаковою частотою, а саме - 19,2; 16,5 та 18% відповідно і займали друге місце. Третю позицію за частотою виникнення посіли побічні реакції з боку центральної нервової системи, які також майже рівномірно виникали впродовж 2018-2020рр.
Таким чином, згідно розташування лікарських засобів за частотою виникнення побічних реакцій можна зробити висновок, про високу частоту призначень лікарями Львова та області антибактеріальних лікарських засобів та препаратів, які впливають на серцево-судинну систему, а також про значну поширеність на теренах Львівщини інфекційних захворювань та туберкульозу, а також про високу питому вагу кардіоваскулярної патології.
Проведення аналізу виявлених побічних реакцій лікарських засобів у Львівському регіоні у 2020 році показало, що немає абсолютно безпечних лікарських засобів. Тому, призначаючи будь-який лікарський засіб, кожен лікар повинен завжди бути готовим до виникнення побічної реакції, яка може спричинити загрозу життю пацієнта.
Висновки: 1.За частотою виникнення побічних реакцій препаратами-лідерами були хіміотерапевтичні засоби (40,3%), засоби, що впливають на серцево-судинну систему (19,2%) та нестероїдні протизапальні засоби (9,9%).
- Серед побічних реакцій на лікарські засоби домінуючі позиції зайняли алергічні реакції негайного типу (22,9%), реакції з боку шлунково-кишкового тракту (18%), а також реакції з боку центральної нервової системи (10,2%).
Abstract
Research aim. Analysis of reportings about adverse drug reactions and the lack of drug efficacy registered by medical staff in the city of Lviv and the region in 2020.
Materials and methods of research. The object of our study was the reports about adverse drug reactions and the lack of drug efficacy received by the State Expert Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine from the medical staffof health care institutions in Lviv, district and the region during 2018-2020 via the automated information system of pharmacovigilance and notification cards (form 137/o). Methods of systematic, clinical-pharmacological and statistical approach were usedto achieve the main goal of study.
Results and discussion. In 2020, 323 notifications on the risk of adverse drug reactions or lack of drug eficacy were registered and submitted to the Center in Lviv region. Reportanalysis showed that the risk of adverse drug reactions occurred more often in women (59%) than in men (41%). The largest number of detected the risk of adverse drug reactions was observed in older patients(aged 44-60) - 28.2% and the elderly ones (aged 60-75) - 23.5%.
Among drugs with a proven cause-and-effect relationship, the medicines characterised by the highest frequency of their risk of adverse drug reactions have appeared to be chemotherapeutic drugs (40.3%).Within this group the antibacterial drugs resulted in the largest number of the risk of adverse drug reactions (32.2%)as in 2018 and 2019. Among the last ones most frequently caused the risk of adverse drug reactions have been reported to occur after the use of anti-tuberculosis medicines (12.7%). It is to be emphasized that the top groups of drugs that caused most the risk of adverse drug reactions in patients of Lviv region during 2018-2020 has remained unchanged. Thus, the second place on the list of medicines with the highest frequency of the risk of adverse drug reactions has been occupied by drugs that affect the cardiovascular system. Having analyzed the dynamics of the risk of adverse drug reactions caused by such group of drugs, we claim about statistically significant increase in the frequency of the risk of adverse drug reactions rising from 12.4% in 2018 to 19.2% in 2020 (p≤0.05), which may indicate the tendency of increase in cardiovascular pathology in Lviv and the region. The third position in the risk of adverse drug reactions frequency medicines is occupied by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The number of the risk of adverse drug reactions due to their use was almost equal and did not alter during 2018-2020. It amounted to 11.5; 10.2 and 9.9%, respectively.
Alongside this, it is important to note a statistically significant decrease in the risk of adverse drug reactions revealed in the form of immediate allergic reactionsfalling down from 43% to 22.9% in patients treated in 2018 and 2020 respectively (p≤0.05).
The given study analysis showed that adverse reactions in the gastrointestinal tract in 2018-2020 occurred with almost the same frequency, namely - 19.2; 16.5 and 18%, respectively,which claims about them occupying the second place on the list of most frequent the risk of adverse drug reactions. The third position on the list of side effect occurrence frequency of occurrence was taken by the risk of adverse drug reactions in central nervous system , which also occurred almost evenly during 2018-2020
Therefore, the analysis of detected the risk of adverse drug reactions and lack of drug efficacy cases in Lviv region in 2020 showed that it is impossible to claim about the existence of medicines that are absolutely safe. In prescribing any drug, the doctor must always be prepared to deal with the risk of adverse drug reactions occurrence and to be ready for qualified medical care provision.
Conclusions:1. In terms of the frequency of adverse reactions, the leading drugs were chemotherapeutic agents (40.3%), agents that affect the cardiovascular system (19.2%) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (9.9%). 2. Among adverse reactions to drugs, allergic reactions of the immediate type (22,9%), gastrointestinal reactions (18%) and as well as reactions from the central nervous system (10.2%).
Introduction: Enterobiasis is the most common parasitosis in the world. The literature rarely presents publications on the detection of pinworm eggs in the urine, especially in chronic inflammatory processes of the urinary system.
Materials & Methods: We analyzed publications over the past 10 years of detection of this pathology.
Results&Discussion: The presented results show the feasibility of detecting enterobiosis by urinalysis, which can significantly improve the diagnosis and treatment of enterobiosis.