This review summarizes the scientific knowledge concerning the impact of vitamins, magnesium, and trace elements on various mechanisms contributing to the possible treatment and prevention of COVID-19, including its delayed consequences. A search was conducted in various databases, including PubMed, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.- gov, and Web of Science. Among the main mechanisms involved in the effects of the studied micronutrients, immune-boosting, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects were also highlighted. The analyzed clinical trials confirmed that supplementation with higher daily doses of some micronutrients can reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral load and hospitalization time. The potential role of most known vitamins in preventing, treating COVID-19, and rehabilitating patients was considered. The most promising agents for combating COVID-19 and its consequences might be the following vitamins: vitamin D, ascorbic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and some B complex vitamins. Inorganic elements deserving attention include magnesium and trace elements, such as zinc, selenium, copper, and iron. Some associations were found between micronutrient deficiencies and COVID-19 severity in children, adults, and older people. Patients can obtain the aforementioned micronutrients from natural food sources or as supplements/- drugs in various dosage forms. The reviewed micronutrients might be considered adjunctive treatment strategies for COVID-19 patients.

Keywords: COVID-19; ascorbic acid; copper; fat-soluble vitamins; iron; magnesium; micronutrients; selenium; vitamin B complex; zinc..

UDC 637.344.8/577.153.2

Hydrolysate of whey protein concentrate (WPC) has been obtained under conditions that ensure retention of natural bioactive peptides. Prior to this, the WPC was characterised by electrophoresis, which revealed the presence of major whey proteins that can cause allergies and be precursors of bioactive peptides. The electrophoretic studies have allowed establishing that by the 120th minute, the proteolysis of the main protein allergens was almost complete. That is why this sample of WPC hydrolysate was used for further studies. Sephadex G-50 gel filtration has shown that 23.4% to 27.5% of proteolytic products soluble in trichloroacetic acid are lowmolecular-weight peptides with a molecular weight up to 1500 Da, while the control WPC sample contains less than 3 % of them. The hydrolysate obtained under physiological conditions was tested for allergenicity. The study was conducted in 18 rats divided into three groups. Animals of the first group (control) were given water, the second group whey protein concentrate, the third group pancreatin hydrolysate of whey proteins. According to the results of the experiment, the concentration of IgE in the 2 nd group is significantly higher compared with the control (49%), and in the 3rd group, does not differ from the control values. To detect possible sensitisation in the experimental animals, we used the specific leucocyte agglomeration reaction, the leucocyte specific lysis reaction, the values of the change in the concentration of circulating immune complexes, and the neutrophil damage index. The studies have shown that in the animals receiving WPC hydrolysate, no signs of an allergic reaction were  detected, while the animals sensitised with WPC developed type I hypersensitivity (by the value of the IgE content).
Key words: whey proteins, allergenicity, proteolysis, bioactive peptides

УДК: 615.28:611-092.4/.9

Препарат «Lonzabac GA» (діюча речовина кокоспропілендіамінгуанідину ацетат) є базовим компонентом засобів для дезінфекції поверхонь та медичних інструментів. В Україні дезінфекційні засоби підлягають гігієнічній регламентації та державній реєстрації. Враховуючи, що активна діюча речовина препарату «Lonzabac GA» є нелеткою, постало питання виявлення летких сполук, що можуть надходити у повітря під час його застосування, з подальшим встановленням маркерної сполуки, за якою необхідно здійснювати контроль повітряного середовища. Метою даної роботи було дослідити токсикологічні властивості препарату «Lonzabac GA» за різних шляхів надходження до організму теплокровних тварин та науково обґрунтувати його гігієнічний регламент за маркерною леткою сполукою. Для вирішення поставленої мети застосовували санітарно-хімічні, токсикологічні, статистичні методи досліджень. Результати дослідження. За критерієм гострої пероральної токсичності препарат «Lonzabac GA» належить до 3 класу небезпеки. Не володіє шкірно-резорбтивним ефектом. Проявляє подразнювальну дію на шкіру та слизові оболонки. Кумулятивна активність виражена. Не викликає сенсибілізації організму. Під час використання препарату «Lonzabac GA» у складі засобів для дезінфекції відсутні умови для утворення аерозолю, а із препарату у повітря мігрує ізопропіловий спирт. У гострому інгляційному експерименті не досягнуто LС50. В умовах хронічного інгаляційного дослідження у піддослідних тварин не виявлено клінічних ознак інтоксикації, змін біохімічних та гемотологічних показників.
Висновки. Контроль повітряного середовища у процесі виготовлення та застосування препарату «Lonzabac GA» доцільно проводити за концентрацією маркерної сполуки – ізопропіловим спиртом. Ключові слова: препарат «Lonzabac GA», кокоспропілендіамінгуанідину ацетат, токсикологічні дослідження, регламентування.

Abstract: A novel 4-thiazolidinone derivative Les-6490 (pyrazol-4-thiazolidinone hybrid) was designed, synthesized, and characterized by spectral data. The compound was screened for its antimicrobial activity against some pathogenic bacteria and fungi and showed activity against Staphylococcus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 820 µM). The compound was studied in the rat adjuvant arthritis model (Freund’s Adjuvant) in vivo. Parietal and fecal microbial composition using 16S rRNA metagenome sequences was checked. We employed a range of analytical techniques, including Taxonomic Profiling (Taxa Analysis), Diversity Metrics (Alpha and Beta Diversity Analysis), Multivariate Statistical Methods (Principal Coordinates Analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling), Clustering Analysis (Unweighted Pair-group Method with Arithmetic Mean), and Comparative Statistical Approaches (Community Differences Analysis, Between Group Variation Analysis, Metastat Analysis). The compound significantly impacted an increasing level of anti-inflammatory microorganisms (Blautia, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Succivibrionaceae, and Coriobacteriales) relative recovery of fecal microbiota composition. Anti-Treponemal activity in vivo was also noted. The tested compound Les-6490 has potential prebiotic activity with an indirect anti-inflammatory effect.
Keywords: 4-thiazolidinones; antimicrobial activity; anti-inflammatory activity; metagenomic sequencing; rats; gut microbiota

The aim: The purpose of this literature review is to shed light on the development of biochemical knowledge in the Lviv region and on prominent figures in the development of biochemistry during the Second World War.
Materials and methods: Review of literature published before 2020. We searched the literature using the search terms ‘biochemists’, ‘ Lviv National Medical University’, ‘second World War’.
Conclusions: The development of biological research in Lviv can be divided into two historical stages: 1) from the beginning of the founding of Lviv University in 1661 to the First World War; 2) between the First and Second World Wars and after the Second World War. Biochemical research was initiated at the Medical Faculty of Lviv University. In 1939, the Lviv State Medical Institute was established on the basis of the Medical Faculty of the University, where a powerful department of biochemistry functioned, which was headed by a worldclass biochemist – Jakub Parnas.