Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are formed in a nonenzymatic reaction of the reducing sugars with amino groups of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids of different tissues and body fluids. A relatively small number of studies have been conducted on the role of AGEs in allergic inflammation. In this study, patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) were examined for the presence of Epstein-Barr virus and the content of fluorescent and nonfluorescent AGEs. We have also determined the level of a unique epitope (AGE10) which was recently identified in human serum using monoclonal antibodies against synthetic melibiose-derived AGE (MAGE). The levels of AGE10 determined with an immunoenzymatic method revealed no significant difference in the patients' blood with intermittent AR and chronic EBV persistence in the active and latent phases. It has been shown that there is a statistically significantly smaller amount of AGEs and pentosidine in groups of patients, both with and without viremia, than in healthy subjects. In turn, higher levels of immune complexes than of AGE10 were detected in the groups of patients, in contrast to the control group, which had lower levels of complexes than AGE10 concentration. In patients with active infection, there is even more complexes than of noncomplexed AGE10 antigen. The lower level of AGE in allergic rhinitis patient sera may also be due, besides complexes, to allergic inflammation continuously activating the cells, which effectively remove glycation products from the body.

Immunosuppressive therapy is complex and challenging to do correctly due to on-target and off-target side effects. However, it is vital to successful allotransplantation. In this article, we analyzed the critical classes of immunosuppressants used in renal transplantation, highlighting the mechanisms of action and typical clinical applications used to develop predictive models for the diagnosis of various diseases, including the prediction of survival after kidney transplantation. In patients, the authors used a dataset with two immunosuppressants (tacrolimus and cyclosporin). The primary task was investigating critical risk factors associated with early transplant rejection. For this, the censored Kaplan-Meier survival estimation method was used. Our study shows a pairwise correlation between taking and not using a particular immunosuppressant. Therefore, the correct choice of immunosuppressive drugs is necessary to improve the prognosis of transplant survival.

У статті розкрито сучасні принципи лікування гострої серцевої недостатності згідно з останніми рекомендаціями Європейського товариства кардіологів 2021 року. Автори детально висвітлюють причини виникнення, класифікації, клінічні, інструментальні, лабораторні методи діагностики, фармакологічні та інструментальні підходи до лікування цього надзвичайно прогностично несприятливого клінічного синдрому. 

The article discloses modern principles of treatment of acute heart failure according to the latest recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology 2021. The authors describe in detail the causes of occurrence, classification, clinical, instrumental, laboratory diagnostic methods, pharmacological and instrumental approaches to the treatment of this extremely prognostically unfavorable clinical syndrome.

Ритми серця, які спостерігаються при раптовій зупинці кровообігу, поділяють на дві групи: дефібриляційні (фібриляція шлуночків — ФШ і шлуночкова тахікардія без пульсу — ШТБП) та недефібриляційні (асистолія та безпульсова електрична активність — БЕА). Принципова різниця в проведенні реанімаційних заходів при цьому полягає в необхідності виконання першочергово дефібриляції в пацієнтів із дефібриляційними ритмами, а при
недефібриляційних ритмах — у введенні адреналіну внутрішньовенно. При цьому компресії грудної клітки, забезпечення прохідності дихальних шляхів і вентиляція, а також виявлення й корекція оборотних причин зупинки серця є однаковими для обох груп. Наступні дії, відповідно до алгоритму розширених реанімаційних заходів, залежать від подальших результатів оцінки серцевого ритму, які необхідно здійснювати кожні дві хвилини.

Heart rhythms observed during sudden cardiac arrest are divided into two groups: defibrillation rhythms (ventricular fibrillation — VF and ventricular tachycardia without a pulse — VTWP) and non-defibrillation rhythms (asystole and pulseless electrical activity — PEA). The fundamental difference in carrying out resuscitation measures for these two groups of heart rhythms is the need to perform defibrillation first in patients with defibrillation rhythms, and in non-defibrillation rhythms — in the introduction of adrenaline intravenously. At the same time, chest compressions, airway patency and ventilation, and detection and correction of reversible causes of cardiac arrest are the same for both groups. The following actions, according to the algorithm of advanced resuscitation measures, depend on the further results of the heart rhythm assessment, which must be carried out every two minutes.

The presented article shows the importance of using such additional clinical markers of the development of pathological and critical conditions as non-specific adaptive reactions, which are integral indicators of the imbalance of all homeostatic systems of the body. The purpose of the study was to establish the types of non-specific adaptive reactions, to take into account changes in the ratio of cellular parameters of peripheral blood, and to use them to improve the effectiveness of diagnosis and treatment of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The results of examinations in three research groups (79 patients) were analyzed: Group I - 28 patients with STEMI and normal body weight, Group II - 24 patients with STEMI and excess body weight, and Group III - 27 patients with STEMI and obesity of the I-III degrees. The diagnosis (acute coronary syndrome) of ACS was made based on a complex clinical, laboratory and instrumental examination. Blood was taken for the study when patients were admitted to the department. The total number of leukocytes and the leukocyte blood formula were determined by standardized methods; the type of non-specific adaptation reaction - according to the method of L.H. Harkavi; the ratio of the absolute content of neutrophils to the absolute content of lymphocytes (neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, NLR), and the ratio of the absolute content of neutrophils to the absolute content of platelets (neutrophil to platelet ratio, NPR) was determined. The course of ACS occurs against the background of several non-specific adaptation reactions, where the stress reaction was dominant (42.8% - group I, 50% - group II, and 51.9% - group III), indicating the disease's severity. The highest level of NLR (p<0.05) was found in group III, relative to the NLR indicator in group I and group II, and the highest level of NPR was found in group III precisely in case of a stress reaction, which indicates an unfavourable prognosis for patients of this group. Determining the type of nonspecific adaptation reaction can serve as an additional indicator of the severity of the patient and allows us to assess the effectiveness of therapy in patients with STEMI. The indicators of NLR and NPR were useful and powerful indicators of adverse consequences during the hospitalization of patients with ACS. The type of adaptive response and the indicators of NLR and NPR are determined based on clinical blood analysis indicators, and they are economical biomarkers for predicting the severity of inflammation.