Purpose: Our study aimed to assess the effects of anticancer 4-thiazolidinone-based free water-insoluble therapeutics Les-3288 and
Les-3833 and their waterborne complexes with branched PEG-containing polymeric carriers (A24-PEG550 and A24-PEG750) on
immune response.
Methods: Human peripheral blood was used to study in vitro lymphocyte proliferative function, leukocyte phagocytic activity and
respiratory burst, and cytokine production.
Results: The binding of the polymer to the anticancer drug Les-3288, which is intended to mitigate the immunosuppressive effects of the
free drug on the proliferative activity of T lymphocytes and T-dependent B cells, demonstrated comparable efficacy for both A24-PEG750
and A24-PEG550 nanocarriers. Furthermore, it was observed that the drug-polymer complex significantly increased the reduced levels of
IFN-γ and TNF-α resulting from free Les-3288. Conversely, the reduced levels of IL-6 and IL-4 remained unchanged. Administration of
either form of Les-3288 had no effect on the phagocytic activity of monocytes, granulocytes or the respiratory burst of granulocytes. Due to
the reduced cell viability and increased cytotoxicity associated with Les-3833, tenfold lower doses were selected for the immune assays.
The effects of free Les-3833 on lymphocyte proliferative function resulted in significant stimulation of T-dependent B cells. The binding of
Les-3833 to the smaller carrier, A24-PEG550 was found to maintain the stimulatory effect on B lymphocytes. While no effect of free Les3833 on the granulocyte phagocytic activity was observed, binding of Les-3833 to both polymeric carriers resulted in a decrease in
granulocyte phagocytic activity and respiratory burst, with no observable effect on monocytes. Monitoring of cytokine production showed
no significant effect of either form of Les-3833 on the production of IFN-γ and IL-6. In the context of TNF-α and IL-4, the positive effect of
polymer binding on restoring suppressed cytokine levels induced by the Les-3833 free drug was slightly more favorable for A24-PEG750.
Conclusion: The drug complexation with novel PEGylated carriers is a promising way for efficient therapeutic development.
Keywords: anticancer compounds, lymphocytes, phagocytic activity, respiratory burst, cytokines

УДК 613.955:616-053.5-071.3

Метою роботи було опрацювати основні критерії фізичного розвитку та проаналізувати сучасні тенденції фізичного розвитку 11-річних 
школярів і школярок за показниками зросту, маси тіла й обводу грудної клітки. Упродовж 2018–2020 рр. проведено антропометричне обстеження 
177 школярів і 205 школярок м. Львова (усього 382 дітей) віком 11 років і на основі отриманих параметрів опрацьовано й поновлено основні критерії та шкали регресії оцінки фізичного розвитку. Зріст, масу тіла і обвід грудної клітки, оцінку фізичного розвитку за зростом (середній, вище і нижче середнього, низький і високий), ступінь його гармонійності (гармонійний, дисгармонійний, різко дисгармонійний) визначали загальноприйнятими методами. Оцінку фізичного розвитку проводили за розробленими нами шкалами регресії та за індексом маси тіла. Динаміку змін антропометричних показників проаналізували за 26 років, від 1996 р. до 2020 р. Математико-статистичне опрацювання отриманих параметрів проводили методом найменших квадратів із визначенням вірогідності відмінностей за t-критерієм Стьюдента за допомогою програми Microsoft Exсel, що входить до пакету Microsoft Оffice та програмного забезпечення RStudio. Антропометричні показники обстежених нами школярів і школярок відповідають фізіологічним закономірностям розвитку дітей 11-річного віку та практично однакові у хлопчиків і дівчаток, з тенденцією до вищого зросту у дівчаток, ніж у хлопчиків, що відображає фізіологічний статевий диморфізм у цьому віці. Опрацьовані шкали регресії фізичного розвитку (незалежна ознака – зріст (x), змінні ознаки – у – маса тіла, z – обвід грудної клітки, отримані рівняння регресії для 11-річних хлопчиків: у = –69,41+0,74x, z = 6,99+0,43x із середнім зростом від 140 см до 153 см, вище середнього – від 154 см до 160 см і нижче середнього – від 133 см до 139 см , високим – від 161 см до 166 см і низьким – від 128 см до 132 см; для 11-річних 2 дівчаток: у = –56,97+0,65x, z = 10,41+0,39x із середнім зростом від 141 см до 154 см, вище середнього – від 155 см до 161 см і нижче середнього – від 135 см до 
140 см, високим від – 162 см до 165 см і низьким – від 131 см до 134 см. Установлено, що поміж обстежених львівських 11-річних дітей більшість 
(74,5 %) середнього зросту, із них 75,7 % хлопчиків та 73,2 % дівчаток. Поміж дівчаток і хлопчиків виявлено більше дітей зі зростом вище від 
середнього, ніж нижче від середнього. Cпостерігалася однакова частка дівчаток із високим і низьким зростом, проте поміж хлопчиків низький 
зріст переважав частку високого зросту. Гармонійний розвиток мали 56,3% дітей (53,7 % хлопчиків та 58,8 % дівчаток). Дисгармонійний фізичний 
розвиток школярів зумовлений надлишком чи дефіцитом маси тіла І і ІІ ступенів, збільшенням чи зменшенням обводу грудної клітки І і ІІ ступенів 
та їх комбінаціями. Практично половина (47,3 %) обстежених дітей мають відхилення у харчовому статусі. Значна частка школярів і школярок має 
ожиріння – 15,9 % (16,5 % хлопчиків та 15,4 % дівчаток), що потребує правильної організації харчування й оптимізації харчового раціону. Збільшення зросту і маси тіла дітей м. Львова за період від 1996 р. до 2020 р. свідчить про акцелераційні процеси фізичного розвитку сучасних школярів і школярок. Поновлені шкали регресії можуть бути використані для оцінки фізичного розвитку школярів на сучасному етапі при проведенні ретроспективного аналізу динаміки фізичного розвитку за певний період часу та одночасного порівняння рівнів фізичного розвитку дітей у різних регіонах і місцевостях проживання.

The purpose of the study was to work out the main criteria of physical development and to analyze current trends in physical development of 
11-year-old schoolboys and schoolgirls according to the indices of body height, body weight and chest circumference. An anthropometric examination of 382 schoolchildren of 11-year-old (177 schoolboys and 205 schoolgirls) in Lviv was conducted during 2018–2020. The main criteria and regression scales for assessing physical development based on the obtained parameters have been developed and updated. Body height, body weight and chest circumference, assessment of physical development by height (average, above and below average, low and high), the degree of its harmonicity (harmonious, disharmonious, sharply disharmonious) was determined by conventional methods. The assessment of physical development was conducted according to the regression scales developed by us and the body mass index. The dynamics of changes in anthropometric indices was analyzed for 26 years, from 1996 to 2020. Mathematical and statistical processing of the obtained parameters was conducted by a least-squares method with determination of the significance of the results by Student’s t-test using Microsoft Excel which is part of the Microsoft Office software and RStudio. Anthropometric indices of the observed schoolchildren correspond to the physiological regularities of development of 11-year-old children and are almost the same in boys and girls with a tendency to higher body height in girls than boys and reflecting physiological sexual dimorphism at this age. Physical development regression scales are developed (independent index is body height (x), variable indices are y – body weight, z – chest circumference, the regression equations for 11-year-old boys were obtained: y = -69.41 + 0.74x, z = 6.99 + 0.43x with an average height from 140 cm to 153 cm, above average – from 154 cm to 160 cm and below average – from 133 cm to 139 cm, high – from 161 cm to 166 cm and low – from 128 cm to 132 cm; the regression equations for 11-year-old girls were obtained: y = -56.97 + 0.65x, z = 10.41 + 0.39x with an average height of 141 cm to 154 cm, above 
average – from 155 cm to 161 cm and below average – from 135 cm to 140 cm, high from – 162 cm to 165 cm and low – from 131 cm to 134 cm). It was established that the majority (74.5%) of the examined 11-year-old children in Lviv are of average height, of which 75.7% are boys and 73.2% are girls. More children with above-average height than below-average height among girls and boys were observed. The same part of girls with high and low body height was revealed, but among boys, low body height exceeded the part of high body height. 56.3% of children (53.7% of boys and 58.8% of girls) had a harmonious development. Disharmonious physical development of schoolchildren is due to excess or deficit of body weight of I and II degrees, increase or decrease of chest circumference of I and II degrees and their combinations. Almost half (47.3%) of examined children have deviations in nutritional status. A significant part of schoolboys and schoolgirls (15.9%) are obese (16.5% of boys and 15.4% of girls), which requires proper nutrition and optimization of diet. The increase in height and body weight of children in Lviv for the period from 1996 to 2020 indicates the acceleration processes of physical development of modern schoolboys and schoolgirls. The updated regression scales can be used to assess the physical development of students at the present stage in conducting a retrospective analysis of the dynamics of physical development over time and simultaneously comparing the levels of physical development of children in different regions and localities.

   We studied the influence of maternal hypothyroidism on progeny skin morphogenesis by means of histological, histochemical and lectinhistochemical methods. Hypothyroid conditions in rats were achieved by daily food supplementation with antithyroid drug Mercazolil. The experiment was conducted on 10 control and 10 hypothyroid rats, which delivered 70 and 46 offsprings, respectively. We discovered that maternal hypothyroidism induces the accumulation of mast cells (MCs) in the skin of progeny on the 1st, 10th and 20th postnatal days, with decrease of these cell’s count returning to control level on 40th postnatal day. These results indicate that offsprings developing under conditions of maternal hypothyroidism are a risk group for changes in immune status and the occurrence of allergic reactions. The stratum corneum of epidermis, its lipid barrier as well as pilosebaceous units, in both control and experimental group animals, at the early stages of postnatal ontogenesis are enriched with carbohydrate determinants of αDMan, βDGal, βDGal(1–3)DGalNAc, αLFuc, αDGalNAc, αDGlcNAc, Neu5Ac. Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) is a selective histochemical marker of MCs, while Lactarius torminosus fungus agglutinin (LTFA) is a selective label of Langerhans cells. Maternal hypothyroidism resulted in reduction of lectin binding with the structural components of progeny skin and its derivatives. We speculate that alterations in glycoconjugate processing and degradation sequences have an impact on the cell signaling, formation of adhesive contacts, cellular proliferation and differentiation. The lectin set we used clearly demonstrated specific labeling of cellular subpopulations, monitoring glycoconjugates processing and degradation under physiological and pathological conditions in all skin components.
Keywords: skin, Mercazolil, hypothyroid rats’ progeny, lectin histochemistry.

    The  problem  of  bone  trauma  and  restoration  of  bone  integrity  with defects of various localization, shape and size is particularly relevant today.    Objective:To  determine  the  features  of  post-traumatic  dynamics  of  the  mineral elements content in the bone tissue of the mandible using octacalciumphosphate.Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 65 sexually mature male rabbits weighing  2.5-3.0  kg,  aged 6-7  months which  were  divided  into  3  groups  (20  rabbits each): Group I -control -the bone tissue defect healed under a blood clot; Group II -the defect was filled with native octacalciumphosphate (OCP-N); Group III -the defect was filled with octacalciumphosphate with chitosan and ampicillin (OCP-N-Chitosan-Ampicillin). Five intact animals were used to study the normal mineral composition of the rabbit mandibular bone tissue (MBT). The content of five mineral elements was determined using atomic absorption and emission spectral analysis. Data was carried out after 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 56, and 84 days.
   Results:It was established that the calcium and phosphorus content in the MBTwere lower thanin the control, but higher than normal. Magnesium and sodium levels with OCP-N   were   similar   to controls,   while   with   OCP-N-Chitosan-Ampicillin,   they returned  to  normal.  Sodium  levels were higher  than  controls.  Sodium  levels  were higher than the first control group data. Magnesium levels, while using OCP-N were higher than the parameters for intact animals and first control group throughout the entire  experiment.  While  using  the  OCP-N-Chitosan-Ampicillin  material  they were higher than the first control group. The potassium content throughout the experiment in  both  experimental  groups  was  lower  than  data  of first  control  group.  However, when using OCP-N  material on day 84, the studied parameter remains significantly lower  than  in  intact  animals;  with OCP-N-Chitosan-Ampicillin  it  returns  to  normal values.
   Conclusions:The mineral composition of bone tissue undergoes significant changes following a bone-destructive injury, characterized by a substantial increase in calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium levels. The dynamics of sodium and potassium content are less pronounced. When the bone defect is filled with the osteoconductive material OCP-N-Chitosan-Ampicillin, the levels of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, and potassium return to normal values by the 84th day after injury.
Keywords: rabbits, bone tissue, lower jaw, mineral elements, reparative osteogenesis, osteoplastic materials, octacalcium phosphate.

UDC 577.615.324-027.2.615.076

   Creation of novel remedies efficient in supporting wound healing remains an actual task in pharmacology. Hydrogels showed high efficiency in wound healing and tissue regeneration due to viscosity, elasticity and fluidity that provide them with functional characteristics similar to that in extracellular matrix. The aim of the study was to create chitosan-based hydrogels functionalized with different components (chondroitin-6-sulfate, hyaluronic acid, N-stearoylethanolamine) and to estimate their biocompatibility and biodegradability in vitro. For the first time, a lipid substance N-stearoylethanolamine (NSE) known as suppressor of pro-inflammatory cytokines expression was used as hydrogel component (1.95 mg/g). FTIR analysis confirmed the complexation of chitosan molecule with hyaluronate, chondroitin-6-sulfate, NSE. MTT-test and Trypan blue exclusion test were used to study hydrogels cytotoxicity towards human cells of different tissue origin. Biodegradability of hydrogels was evaluated using direct hydrogel contact with cells and cellindependent degradation. It was shown that chondroitin-6-sulfate (<2 mg/ml), hyaluronic acid (<2 mg/ml) and NSE (26 μg/ml) did not demonstrate significant toxic effects towards pseudonormal human cells of the MCF10A, HaCat, HEK293 lines and mouse cells of the Balb/3T3 line. The studied hydrogels were stable in saline solution, while in a complete culture medium containing 10% fetal bovine blood serum they underwent degradation in >24 h. The identified biodegradability of the chitosan-based hydrogels is important for the release of noncovalently immobilized NSE into biological medium. Further studies on laboratory animals with experimental wounds are expected to explore the potential of created hydrogels as anti-inflammatory
and wound-healing agents.
K e y w o r d s: chitosan hydrogels, chondroitin-6-sulfate, hyaluronic acid, N-stearoylethanolamine, FTIR analysis, human pseudonormal cells, toxicity, biodegradability