УДК 611.92-053.4/.5-071.3

This study examines the prevalence of symmetry/asymmetry in various facial structures among children and
adolescents of both sexes. 40 persons were examined – ten girls and ten boys of childhood and adolescence. During
examination visually determined the symmetry/asymmetry of the following parameters: width face, size and shape
of eyes, eyebrows, eyelids, nasolabial folds, corners of the mouth, smiles, the position of the nose and the size and
shape of the nostrils, the size, shape and the position of the ears, as well as the coincidence of the midline between
the central incisors of the upper and lower jaw.The results indicate that 30% of children (boys and girls) show no
visible signs of facial asymmetry. Among adolescents, these figures decrease to 10% for girls and remain at 30% for
boys. Asymmetry in a single parameter was observed in 40% of children and 50-70% of adolescents, depending on
gender. Asymmetry in multiple parameters was noted in 30% of children and 20% of adolescents, irrespective of sex.
In both age groups, the most frequent asymmetry was observed in the smile, making it the most common parameter
studied.
Key words: symmetry, asymmetry, face, children, adolescents.

В роботі проведено аналіз частоти виявлення симетрії/асиметрії різних структур та ділянок лиця
у дітей та підлітків різної статі. Було обстежено 40 осіб – по десять дівчаток і хлопчиків дитячого і
підліткового віку. При обстеженні візуально визначали симетрію/асиметрію таких показників: ширина
обличчя, величина і форма очей, брів, повік, носо-губних складок, кутів рота, усмішки, положення носа
та величини і форми ніздрів, величина, форма та положення вух, а також співпадіння середньої лінії між
центральними різцями верхньої та нижньої щелеп. Встановлено, що 30% дівчаток та 30% хлопчиків не
мають візуальних ознак асиметрії лиця у дитячому віці. Серед підлітків ознак асиметрії не виявлено у
10% дівчаток та 30% хлопчиків. Асиметрію за одним показником виявлено у 40% дітей обох статей та
у 50% хлопчиків-підлітків і 70% дівчаток-підлітків. Асиметрію за кількома показниками спостерігали у
30% дітей – як серед хлопчиків, так і серед дівчаток, та у 20% підлітків, також незалежно від статі. В
обох вікових групах обстежуваних дівчаток і хлопчиків виявлено асиметрію усмішки, яка має найбільшу
частоту серед усіх досліджуваних показників.
Kлючові слова: симетрія, асиметрія, лице, діти, підлітки

Background: Accessibility and affordability of medicines are key for patients’ effective treatment. However, drug prices are soaring, and patients are looking for cheaper medications in Europe and beyond. This study aimed to evaluate European pharmacists’ perceptions and attitudes about the impact of global inflation and the military conflict setting in Ukraine on patients’ buying medicines behaviours. A secondary objective comprised the problem of buying medicines from illegal online sources like social media or non-regulated marketplaces.

Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2023 to April 2024 using an anonymous and self-designed questionnaire consisting of 11 questions. The survey was created using Google Forms. The survey link was shared mostly by e-mail amongst practising pharmacists from five European countries.

Results: Events of the recent years, such as inflation, the COVID-19 pandemic, or the war in Ukraine were perceived by the pharmacists as contributing to patients looking for better medicines prices, mostly related to online purchases. The most important factors influencing online purchase of medicines beyond price were convenience of shopping anytime, and fast and free delivery. There is a perceived growing interest in buying medicines from online facilities other than e-pharmacies, such as local websites, social media or global marketplaces (e.g., aliexpress.com). Pharmacists do not actively inform their patients about the possible risks of buying medicines from unverified online sources.

Conclusion: International disruptions seem to contribute to patients’ looking for better prices of medicines. There is a need for societal education about the risks related to the possibility of counterfeited medicines online, as well as pharmacists’ training to prioritize patient information and counselling on the hazards of medication acquisition from non e-pharmacies. There is an urgent need for global amendments to the pharmaceutical law to protect patients from illegal e-sources of medicines while keeping in-person services and offline purchases.

У статті наведено результати дослідження, яке вивчало зв’язок між сероварами Leptospira interrogans та ураженням легень у пацієнтів із лептоспірозом. Аналіз 395 медичних карт показав, що пневмонія виникала у 22% хворих і значно частіше — за тяжкого перебігу. У померлих пацієнтів легеневі прояви траплялися у третини випадків. Встановлено, що інфікування сероваром L. Kabura частіше асоціювалося з розвитком пневмонії, тоді як L. Pomona та L. Grippotyphosa частіше зустрічалися у пацієнтів без легеневих уражень. Натомість зв’язку з L. Icterohaemorrhagiae, відомим як високопатогенний серовар, виявлено не було.

UDC 611.716-053.8-073.75

Radiographic examina琀椀on of the facial skeleton enables the assessment of symmetry in complex anatomical regions and facial bone structures, helping to elucidate causal rela琀椀onships between asymmetry and func琀椀onal disturbances that may lead to the onset and progression of pathological changes in anatomically or func琀椀onally related organs and systems. This study, aimed at determining the frequency of facial bone structure asymmetry detected by radiographic examina琀椀on, was conducted using 100 panoramic radiographs of the maxillofacial region from randomly selected
adult individuals. The frequency of asymmetry in various facial skeletal structures among adults of di昀昀erent sexes was established
and compared based on radiographic data.
It was found that a comprehensive analysis of the interrela琀椀on between all manifested types of asymmetry in the studied structures – along with clari昀椀ca琀椀on of the sequence of the observed changes – requires an in-depth inves琀椀ga琀椀on into the age-related remodeling pa琀琀erns of the facial skeleton and tracking of individual changes over 琀椀me, beginning from childhood. The data obtained con昀椀rm the 昀椀ndings of other researchers, signi昀椀cantly expanding knowledge about facial asymmetry manifesta琀椀ons at di昀昀erent life stages. These 昀椀ndings are clinically important, as
they enhance understanding of the causes of facial asymmetry and provide a founda琀椀on for developing e昀昀ec琀椀ve
methods of preven琀椀ng its progression and the development of associated secondary changes and pathological condi琀椀ons.
Key words: symmetry, asymmetry, facial skeleton, maxillofacial region, radiological diagno

616-006.48-036

Symptoma琀椀c neuromas and cys琀椀c neck forma琀椀ons are clinically signi昀椀cant en琀椀琀椀es that require detailed diagnos琀椀c and therapeu琀椀c strategies. Trauma琀椀c neuromas resul琀椀ng from aberrant nerve repair, neurinomas of other orunknown origin, and cys琀椀c lesions of the neck with either benign or malignant e琀椀ology represent ongoing challenges in both di昀昀eren琀椀a琀椀on and treatment. This study presents a clinical case of neurinoma with secondary changes localized in the cervical region of a 44-year-old pa琀椀ent. Based on physical examina琀椀on, medical history, ultrasound,
and computed tomography, a diagnosis of lateral neck cyst was established. Following surgical excision of the mass, histological examina琀椀on con昀椀rmed the diagnosis: neurinoma with secondary changes.This case highlights the importance of mul琀椀modal imaging, minimally invasive procedures, and personalized surgical approaches. Emerging innova琀椀ons in the 昀椀elds of nerve regenera琀椀on and molecular diagnos琀椀cs hold promise for further advancing future paradigms of diagnosis and treatment. Given the polymorphic nature of lesions that may be localized in the neck region, their di昀昀eren琀椀al diagnosis o昀琀en presents challenges. Therefore, the selec琀椀on of appropriate treatment methods for neurinomas and cys琀椀c
neck forma琀椀ons requires an individualized approach, applica琀椀on of advanced imaging techniques, interdisciplinary
collabora琀椀on, and the use of methods with varying degrees of invasiveness