This paper presents a comprehensive review of bending sensors and their classifications. The main focus is on advancements in the design of optical fibre bending sensors based on fibre Bragg gratings (FBGs). Various measurement principles employed in optical fibre bending sensors are analysed, highlighting their respective advantages and limitations. Particular attention is given to sensors utilising long period gratings (LPGs), Tilted fibre Bragg gratings (TFBGs), and multicore (MCF) fibre structures, which demonstrate significant potential for the development of highly sensitive and compact bending sensing systems. 

Vertebral compression fractures are often the initial sign of systemic osteoporosis. Early detection and targeted treatment are crucial to prevent additional skeletal damage. Methods: Ten patients with systemic osteoporosis and confirmed lumbar compression fractures were examined (mean age 63 ± 2 years; 8 women, 2 men). All fractures occurred before patients were aware of their osteoporosis. Laboratory tests included 25(OH)D, CRP, calcium, ionized calcium, and phosphorus. DXA scans were performed at the hip and lumbar spine. Initial results showed vitamin D levels at 18.7 ± 1.3 ng/mL (normal 30), CRP at 7.25 ± 1.1 mg/L (normal <5), phosphorus at 0.65 ± 0.07 mmol/L (normal 0.81), and ionized calcium at 0.81 ± 1.1 mmol/L (normal 1.1). Femoral neck T-score was −2.2 ± 0.1, Z-score −2.3 ± 0.1; lumbar spine T-score +2.5 ± 0.1 and Z-score +2.8 ± 0.1, reflecting degenerative artifacts. All patients received vitamin D 5600 IU, ibandronic acid 150 mg monthly, and Osteogenon two tablets twice daily for 60 days. Results. After six months, improvements were observed in clinical, laboratory, and densitometric assessments. Vitamin D levels normalized in 9 patients (33.2 ± 2.3 ng/mL). DXA showed positive changes: hip T-score increased to −1.9 ± 0.1 and Z-score to −1.8 ± 0.1; lumbar spine T-score rose to −1.7 ± 0.1 and Z-score to −1.6 ± 0.1. Conclusion: The combined therapeutic approach of vitamin D repletion, anabolic vitamin D repletion, anti-resorptive therapy with ibandronic acid, and adjunctive Osteogenon recting metabolic abnormalities and enhancing bone mineral density. These findings support the importance of comprehensive, multimodal management in patients with systemic osteoporosis and vertebral compression fractures.

Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) is the most common autoimmune endocrine disorder, and recognizing infectious triggers like Yersinia enterocolitica is crucial for clinicians to improve diagnosis and management. A 53-year-old man presented with fatigue, irritability, sweating, and palpitations. Laboratory tests showed suppressed TSH, elevated FT3, normal FT4, and anti-TPO >1000 IU/mL. Western blot confirmed Yersinia enterocolitica infection through IgA and IgG detection, highlighting the importance of specific serological methods for accurate diagnosis. Mild lymphocytosis with relative neutropenia suggested immune activation. The diagnosis was autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) with transient thyrotoxicosis triggered by Yersinia enterocolitica. Treatment with thiamazole and doxycycline resulted in complete resolution of symptoms and normalization of thyroid hormone levels. Discussion: This case supports the hypothesis that Yersinia enterocolitica may trigger autoimmune thyroiditis through molecular mimicry and immune dysregulation, which can also affect male reproductive health, underscoring the importance of a comprehensive assessment. Conclusion: Screening for infectious cofactors, such as Yersinia enterocolitica, in men with thyroid autoimmunity is vital for accurate diagnosis and effective management, thereby encouraging clinicians to adopt proactive testing strategies.

Abstract. This study presents an artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted historical andbiographical  investigation  of  the  surgical  aspects  of Yurii  Lypa's  medical  practice, confirms his place in the history of Ukrainian medicine, and evaluates his contribution to  the  development  of  national  medical  science  and  practice.  Using  historical  and biographical  methods  combined  with AI-assisted  analysis  of  archival  sources  and scholarly  literature,  the  study  reconstructs  the  academic  environment  that  shaped Lypa's  professional  education  and  clinical  training.  Particular  attention  is  paid  to surgical  education  at  the  University  of  Poznań  during 1922–1929, including  the organization  of  clinical  instruction,  demonstration  operations,  bedside  teaching, clinical ward rounds, and the acquisition of practical skills in operative surgery, asepsis, antisepsis,  and  surgical  technique.  The  contribution  of  Professors Antoni  Tomasz Jurasz,  Franciszek  Raszeja, Adam Wrzosek,  and  other  members  of  the  Faculty  of Medicine to the formation of Lypa's clinical thinking and professional competencies is examined.  The  study  demonstrates  that  the  clinical  education  he  received  at  the University  of  Poznań  became  the  foundation  of  his  subsequent  medical  practice, scientific  interests,  and  publications  on  phytotherapy,  which  combined  the achievements of academic medicine with the rational use of medicinal plants. It is concluded that the University of Poznań and its surgical school exerted a profound influence  on  Lypa's  professional  development  as  a  physician,  military  medical practitioner, and representative of the Ukrainian medical intelligentsia during the firsthalf of  the twentiethcentury. Particular emphasis  is placed on  his  medical service during  the  Second  World  War,  his  contribution  to  the  development  of  Ukrainian military  medicine,  and  his  promotion  of  scientifically  grounded  phytotherapy. The study also substantiates the need for further historical-medical investigations of Lypa'sprofessional legacy through the expanded use of archival materials preserved at the University of Poznań. Overall, Yurii Lypa's medical career illustrates the successful integration  of  clinical  competence,  scientific  inquiry,  humanistic  medical  values, patriotic service, and professional responsibility.