УДК 618.3:[616.98:578.825.12]–003.217–076.5

Introduction. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the most common perinatal infection worldwide, diagnosed in 0.5-1.3 % of newborns in various regions. Approximately 86.0 % of women of childbearing age are seropositive for CMV. While a substantial body of research has focused on developing methods for the etiotropic treatment of pregnant women with primary CMV infection to prevent neonatal disease (secondary prevention) and evaluating the feasibility of screening pregnant women for CMV, these aspects remain unclear and require further investigation.

The aim of the study. The aim of this study is to examine the latest scientific findings regarding the transplacental transmission of CMV infection, methods of secondary prevention, and the feasibility of screening pregnant women to reduce the risk of neonatal pathology.

Materials and methods. An analysis of published scientific works was conducted by searching for relevant articles in the PubMed database, as well as reviewing clinical guidelines from professional organizations. These sources address the treatment of CMV infection in pregnant women for secondary prevention of neonatal disease and the feasibility of screening pregnant women for CMV infection. A total of 35 sources of scientific literature were selected for further analysis.

Results and discussion. The feasibility of serological screening for CMV infection in pregnant women, aimed at reducing the risk of neonatal disease, continues to be debated in the scientific literature. With the emergence of new data regarding the effectiveness of prophylactic antiviral treatment of primary CMV infection in pregnant women with valacyclovir, the question of CMV screening is being gradually reconsidered throughout 2024. The European Congenital Infections Initiative of the European Society of Clinical Virology now recommends universal serological screening for CMV in all pregnant women as early as possible in the first trimester, with repeat testing every 4 weeks until 14–16 weeks of pregnancy for seronegative women identified at initial screening.

Conclusion. Given the new scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of prophylactic antiviral treatment for primary CMV infection in pregnant women with valacyclovir, as well as the evolving question of CMV screening in early pregnancy, we believe these issues warrant further in-depth study and reevaluation by Ukrainian specialists. It is essential to address the question of whether updates to the "Standards of Medical Care for Normal Pregnancy" are warranted. The issue of CMV infection, like perinatal infections in general, is complex and requires the involvement of a multidisciplinary group of experts, including infectious disease specialists and pediatric infectious disease experts.

Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread zoonotic infectious diseases in the world. Compared to other zoonotic diseases, it often takes on severe forms. The clinical course of leptospirosis depends on many factors, particularly the overall health status and completeness of immunologic responsiveness. Antibody-mediated immunity is of critical importance. The role of cellular immunity remains underresearched. According to many authors of experimental studies, infection with Leptospira borgpetersenii in cattle results in CD4+ proliferation, while a reduction in the level of CD8+ is an adverse symptom of the onset of leptospirosis complications. There is also data suggesting that antileptospiral immunoglobulins together with the complement are deposited in alveoli of guinea pigs and cause hemorrhagic lesions in lungs. The goal of the study has been to compare the clinical course of the disease depending on the level of immunological indicators such as CD4+, CD8+, and the total complement (CH50) in leptospirosis patients. While these indicators are relative, when combined with other symptoms and laboratory data the resulting changes should serve as a red flag for clinicians.

Вступ. Пандемія COVID-19 почалась у березні 2020 року та триває дотепер. Наявність ВІЛ-інфекції у пацієнта залишається важливим фактором ризику інфікування SARS-CoV-2 і пов’язана з підвищеним ризиком смертності від COVID-19. Тому ВІЛ-інфіковані пацієнти потребують першочергово отримати щеплення від COVID-19.

Метою нашої роботи була оцінка питання вакцинації від коронавірусної хвороби серед пацієнтів з вторинним імунодефіцитом, спричиненим ВІЛ.

Методи. Розроблено опитувальник щодо охопленості вакцинацією від COVID-19 серед пацієнтів з ВІЛ-статусом. Для статистичної обробки результатів використано програмне забезпечення HIV Registry.

Результати. Всього опитувальник заповнили 60 осіб. Це пацієнти, які перебувають на диспансерному обліку в КНП ЛОР «Львівський обласний інформаційно-аналітичний центр медичної статистики» з діагнозом ВІЛ/СНІД. Серед опитаних пацієнтів частка жінок становила 33,3 % і чоловіків 66,7 %. Середній вік становив 35,2±1,36 років та коливався в межах18 і 68 років. Всі пацієнти на момент опитування знаходились на антиретровірусній терапії.

Серед опитаних рівень вакцинації від COVID-19 становив 63,3 %. Більшість опитаних - 39,5 % були щеплені вакциною Comirnaty/Pfizer та 28,9 % – Coronavac/Sinovac, майже порівну 15,8 % - AstraZeneca-SKBio і 13,2 % - Moderna (mRNA-1273, Spikevax). І лише один пацієнт (2,6 %) отримав вакцину Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) закордоном.

Щодо причин, які спонукали респондентів вакцинуватись, 34,2 % опитаних вибрали одну відповідь – «щоб отримати захист від COVID-19 і не захворіти». На другому місці по 18,4 % порівну розділились респонденти, які вибрали дві причини для вакцинації: перша група поєднала пункти «щоб отримати захист від COVID-19 і не захворіти» та «щоб не звільнили з роботи» і друга група - «щоб отримати захист від COVID-19 і не захворіти» та «щоб їздити закордон». На третьому місці – 15,8 % опитаних відповіли «щоб не звільнили з роботи».

37,7 % опитаних ВІЛ-інфікованих пацієнтів вакцинуватись відмовились. Серед них 50 % вибрали відповідь «маю сумніви щодо вакцини» та 22, 7% не вказали причину відмови від щеплення. Решта респондентів обрали відповіді «працюю неофіційно і не маю потреби щепитись», «у мене низький рівень СД4 клітин (менше 200)» та «маю сумніви щодо вакцини», «маю сертифікат» (отриманий без вакцинації).

Висновки. До проблем вакцинації від COVID-19у ВІЛ-інфікованих відносимо недостатній рівень охоплення щеплення (63,3 %), що зумовлено активною антивакцинальною кампанією в суспільстві, поширенням неправдивої інформації щодо вакцин у мас медіа та невиправданою безпечністю щодо свого здоров’я частини населення.

COVID-19 vaccines are considered the most promising approach for curbing the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide. However, COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is increasing worldwide and remains a main concern among vulnerable population including those who are immunocompromised. Studies indicate that people living with HIV, presents poorer COVID-related outcomes compared to those without HIV. This study focuses on understanding reason and beliefs for Covid-19 hesitancies in Ukrainian people living with HIV. We examined COVID-19 vaccination coverage among 70 HIV-positive patients treated at the HIV Unit in “Lviv Oblast Information and Analytical Center for Medical Statistics” (Ukraine) between December 2021 to April 2022. HIV Registry software was used for statistical processing of results. Among the surveyed patients, majority were men (68.6%) and age of the respondents was ranged from 18 to 68 years. 32.9% respondents refused to get SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Among the patients refusing to get vaccinated, 30.4% knew about their HIV status for more than five years, and 43.5% were diagnosed with clinical Stage 4 HIV/AIDS. At the time of the survey, 62.5% of patients had a CD-4 count below 200 cells/ml. More than half of the participants expressed having doubts about the vaccine (52.2%), chose the answer “I have doubts about the vaccine” from the proposed, and 21.7% did not indicate the reason for refusal of vaccination. The rest of the respondents chose the answers “recently had coronavirus infection” – 13.1%, few (8.7%) felt that since they were unemplyed they did not need to be vaccinated and few (4.3%) other had a low count of CD4 cells (less than 100) therefore were hesitant to get vaccinated. About 32.9% of HIV/AIDS patients surveyed, for whom vaccination was indicated and could protect against the severe course and risk of death from COVID-19, did not receive specific prophylaxis. The most common reason for refusing vaccination was doubts about the quality of the vaccine (52.2%). This population may benefit from educational and informational activities on the reasoned safety of vaccination to address vaccine hecitantcy among this high-risk groups.

In Lviv Oblast, predominance of severe icteric forms is typical for hospitalized leptospirosis patients (77.08%) with various complications (74.17% of patients), the most common of them is acute renal failure (51.85%). L. icterohaemorrhagiae, which caused a quarter of all cases, was the main causative agent of leptospirosis in Lviv Oblast during the study period.