UDC 611.316-018-06:615.212.7]-092.9

This study is dedicatedted to the identification and description of structural changes in the mandibular gland
of rats after two and three weeks of opioid administration. The widespread use of opioids and the rapid growth in
the number of drug addicts, together with significant economic, social, and moral difficulties, make the problem of
drug addiction one of the most pressing in most countries of the world. These circumstances confirm the relevance
of further study of the effects of opioids on the human body.
The aim is to identify structural changes in the submandibular gland after two and three weeks of opioid exposure and to assess the relationship between the duration of opioid administration and the level of organ destruction. The study used a method of modeling the effect of opioids on the body of white rats and a histological method to study the microstructure of the submandibular gland of rats under the influence of opioids. The first signs of structural changes in the submandibular gland were detected after 2 weeks of intramuscular administration of the opioid (nalbuphine) at a dose of 8 mg/kg in the first week and 15 mg/kg in the second week. Capillary stasis was noted, and edema of the interlobular connective tissue was observed. After three weeks of administration of an opioid analgesic at a dose of 8 mg/kg in the first week, 15 mg/kg in the second week, and 20 mg/kg in the third week in the submandibular gland preparations of white rats, an increase in destructive changes in serocytes was observed, in particular the development of necrosis of secretory cells in the terminal protein and mixed sections. Alterative processes were noted in the parenchymal elements of the organ and the further development of discirculatory changes, namely, further dilatation of arterioles and venules, mainly due to their overflow with erythrocytes. Already after 2 weeks of intramuscular administration of the opioid, the first changes in the structure of the submandibular gland are detected. There is a clear relationship between the depth of structural changes in the submandibular gland of the white rat, including its hemomicrocirculatory bed, and the duration of administration of an opioid analgesic.
Key words: salivary gland, experimental opioid influence, white rat.

Це дослідження присвячене вияву та опису структурної перебудови піднижньощелепної залози щура на дво- та трьох тижневого введення опіоїду. Широке застосування опіоїдів та стрімке зростання кількості наркозалежних, разом з значними економічними, соціальними і моральними складностями, роблять проблему наркоманії однією з найактуальніших у більшості країн світу. Наведені обставини підтверджують актуальність подальшого вивчення впливу опіоїдів на організм людини.
Мета – виявити структурні зміни піднижньощелепної залози за дво- та трьох тижневого впливу опіоїду та оцінити взаємозв’язок між тривалістю введення опіоїду та рівнем деструкції органу У роботі використано метод моделювання впливу опіоїду на організм білого щура та гістологічний
метод – для вивчення мікроструктури піднижньо-щелепної залози щура за умов впливу опіоїду. Перші ознаки структурних зміни піжнижньощелепної залози виявляли вже через 2 тижні внутрішньом’язевого введення опіоїду (налбуфін) у дозі І тиждень – 8 мг/кг, ІІ тиждень – 15 мг/кг. У капілярах відмічали явище стазу, спостерігали набряк міжацинарної, а також міжчасточкової сполучної тканини. Через три тижні введення опіоїдого анальгетика в дозі І тиждень – 8 мг/кг, ІІ тиждень – 15 мг/кг, ІІІ тиждень – 20 мг/кг у препаратах піднижньощелепної залози білих щурів спостерігали наростання деструктивних змін сероцитів, зокрема розвиток некрозу секреторних клітин кінцевих білкових та
змішаних відділів. Відзначали альтеративні процеси у паренхіматозних елементах органу та подальший розвиток дисциркуляторних змін, а саме подальше розширення артеріол та венул, переважно за рахунок переповнення їх еритроцитами. Вже через 2 тижні внутрішньом’язевого введення опіоїду виявляються перші зміни у структурі піжнижньощелепної залози. Відстежується чіткий зв’язок між глибиною структурних змін
піднижньощелепної залози білого щура, у тому числі і її гемомікроциркуляторного русла та тривалістю введення опіоїдного анальгетика.
Kлючові слова: слинна залоза, експериментальний опіоїдний вплив, білий щур.

Abstract.
Background: The ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses exhibit marked anatomical variability that can impact surgical approaches and predispose individuals to complications during sinus and skull base procedures.
Objective: To characterize the morphometric patterns and anatomical variants of the ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses based on high-resolution CT data and to analyze their surgical and clinical significance.
Methods: A total of 400 CT scans were analyzed. Sinuses were classified by pneumatization type, dimensions, and presence of anatomical variants. 3D reconstructions were performed to assess spatial orientation and proximity to neurovascular structures.
Results: Ethmoid sinus complexity was classified into three distinct types, with higher complexity correlating with narrower surgical corridors and increased risk of incomplete ethmoidectomy. Sphenoid pneumatization showed significant variability, including presellar, sellar, and postsellar types. Onodi cells were identified in 13% of cases, closely related to the optic canal. Septated sphenoids were present in 21%, often traversing the internal carotid artery canal.
Conclusion: Detailed anatomical understanding of posterior sinus morphology and variation is essential for safe and effective sinus and skull base surgery. This study provides a morphometric atlas to support individualized surgical planning.
Key words. Computer tomography, paranasal sinusis, anatomy, sphenoid sinus, ethmoid sinus.

UDC 611.842-076.1-08

The diabetes mellitus (DM) epidemic, which progresses every year, is usually combined with the obesity epidemic, which is one of the major public health crises facing both developed and developing countries [1, 2]. Of the two major forms of diabetes, type 2 diabetes significantly exceeds type 1 diabetes (DM1) in prevalence and poses a greater challenge to modern health care systems. DM1 is considered an autoimmune disease,possibly caused by a viral infection, with an acute onset that includes insulins and islet cell infiltration, but persists as a chronic disease [3, 4], whereas type 2 diabetes (DM2) is a chronic disease caused by metabolic dysfuncfunction and insulin resistance. Both conditions are characterized by hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, which are considered major risk factors for the development of common macro- and microvascular complications [5, 6], as well as neurological dysfunction; in additoon, these two conditions can coexist [7, 8].

The effectiveness of methods for diagnosing and treating eyeball angiopathies in diabetes is based on an in-depth and detailed study of the morphological structure of the organ of vision. The results of morphometric research of the choroid of the rat eyeball can serve as a foundation for solving problems in clinical ophthalmology.

The issue of a detailed study of the morphological features of the uterus of a female white rat, which is normally bicornuate, is quite relevant given the possibility of using it as a model of the corresponding anomaly in humans.The purpose of the work is to study the morphological and topographic features of the uterus of a female white rat. Object and methods of research. The macro anatomy and syntopy of the uterus of 8 female white rats weighing 200-230 g aged 4.5-5 months were studied. The preparation of the abdominal cavity, followed by the study of syntopy and holotopy of the uterus was carried out. Further, the uterus was removed and its morphological features were studied, the measurements were performed using a caliper and weighing on electronic scales. Results. The female uterus is found to consist of two spurs that unite to form a common cervix in the pelvic cavity, and the spurs rise into the abdomen and their tops, along with the ovaries and twisted fallopian tubes, adjoin the lower poles of the kidneys. There is an asymmetry of uterine spurs: the right spur is 0.2 cm longer than the left one on average, but the outer diameter of the left spur exceeds the same size of the right one on average by 1 mm. The weight of the uterus averages 0.88 g, which is 0.38% of the total weight of the rat. Conclusions. Morphologically, the uterus of a female rat has significant similarities to such an anomaly as a bicornuate uterus in humans. There are some differences: the spurs of the rat uterus are considerable in length and extend beyond the pelvic cavity, while the uterus of a non pregnant woman lies only in the pelvic cavity. The ratio of uterine weight to the body weight of the female rat is 4.6 times higher than the same ratio in humans.