Background and objectives. Recent evidence has demonstrated that mildly elevated bilirubin concentrations are protective against various oxidative stress-mediated diseases, including autoimmune disorders. Based on this, the present study aimed to investigate the association between serum bilirubin levels, albumin-based inflammatory ratios, and the presence of primary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) in women with a history of spontaneous miscarriages.
Materials and methods. This cross-sectional observational study included 72 women aged 21–40 years (median age 27) with a history of spontaneous miscarriages in the first trimester. Based on clinical and laboratory findings, 47 women were diagnosed with APS, and 25 were classified as non-APS. All participants underwent a complete evaluation, including blood count, coagulation tests, glucose and lipid profiles, CRP, vitamin D, and assessments of thyroid, liver, and kidney function.
Results. A total bilirubin level below 8 μmol/L was observed in 53% of APS patients, significantly higher than in non-APS women (24%, p = 0.024). Total, direct, and indirect bilirubin concentrations were significantly lower, while inflammatory markers such as fibrinogen, CRP, and CRP/albumin ratio were significantly higher in APS patients (p < 0.05). Logistic regression and ROC analysis confirmed the diagnostic value of these markers. The AUC values for total bilirubin, bilirubin/albumin ratio, fibrinogen, albumin/fibrinogen ratio, CRP, and CRP/albumin ratio demonstrated moderate diagnostic
accuracy (AUC = 0.723, 0.793, 0.693, 0.828, 0.761, and 0.699, respectively).
Conclusions. Serum bilirubin levels and the bilirubin/albumin ratio were negatively associated with APS in women with a history of spontaneous miscarriage. These findings suggest impaired antioxidant and anti-inflammatory defenses in APS patients. Serum bilirubin combined with albumin-based inflammatory ratios may serve as additional screening tools for APS in this population.

Keywords: antiphospholipid syndrome, total bilirubin, total bilirubin to albumin ratio, oxidative stress

УДК 616.12:612-001]:355(091) 

Вступ. До найскладніших сучасних проблем військової медицини належать питання діагностики, надання невідкладної допомоги та хірургічного лікування поранених з ураженнями серця та перикарда.
Мета. Вивчити структурно-функціональні особливості серця у поранених для прогнозування віддалених посттравматичних міокардіодистрофій.
Матеріали та методи. Аналіз наукової літератури проведений у базі Pubmed та у вітчизняній літературі. Описовий матеріал проілюстрований клінічним випадком.
Результати. За даними літератури, ураження серця під час та після бойової травми край різноманітні, їх можна поділити на безпосередні (відкриті та закриті) та віддалені посттравматичні. Для діагностики найбільш складними є закриті тупі травми серця (струс серця, забій серця, розрив серця
зовнішній чи внутрішній з гемоперикардом, тампонадою серця, гемотораксом), що може спричиняти стан гібернації чи оглушення міокарда на тлі його набряку, викликати зміни ендокарда та перикарда, аритмії, у тому числі життєво небезпечні, гострий розрив серця, розшарування чи розрив аорти. Аналіз клінічного випадку свідчить, що саме порушення електрофізіологічних процесів та формування дисфункції міокарду можна вважати проявом посттравматичної міокардіодистрофії токсично-запального характеру у віддалений період важкої церебральної травми.
Висновки. Віддалені посттравматичні міокардіодистрофії токсично-запального характеру зумовлені активацією запалення та ендотоксикозу, гіпоксією та метаболічними змінами з процесами апоптозу кардіоміоцитів, що ілюструє клінічний випадок.

UDC 378.1.096:616

The introduction of innovative teaching technologies in higher medical education contributes to its intensification, effective implementation of the acquired knowledge into practice, formation of clinical thinking, and development of practical skills and abilities. It is ensured by the joint work of the student, who is at the centre of the educational process, and an experienced teacher who uses innovative methods. The study aimed to analyse the use of innovative methods in clinical departments of higher education institutions. The analytical method of literature data and the comparative method of comparing with one's own clinical and teaching experience were used. Game methods have become essential nowadays in the context of distance or blended learning. The advantage of a clinical game is the expansion of knowledge and experience of participants who learn to interact, make quick and correct decisions, evaluate their effectiveness and consequences, and have the opportunity to correct mistakes. The teacher can change the context, tasks, logistics of instrumental and laboratory examinations, and management tactics. The effective work of the teacher, the skilful use of innovative technologies, and the quality of the presentation of the material affect the student's interest in learning. Evaluating student mistakes that do not harm the patient or worsen their condition is important. There are games with a change of context, examination results, sudden development of an emergency, and a game with incomplete data that the participant has to model. The clinical game can be adapted for both classroom and distance learning; it can be based on data from real patients. Thus, innovative technologies of the educational process, including simulation ones, promote active independent learning, the development of practical skills and abilities, and the formation of clinical thinking. The clinical game is a creative method of teaching that expands the knowledge and experience of participants, has an educational function, brings them closer to future practical work and can be used in various forms of education.

Introduction. Recommendations for the use of the Mediterranean diet apply to many nosologies, which made it expedient to consider the principles of such nutrition and adherence to it for patients with high cardiovascular risk.
Objectives. In order to evaluate the nature of the diet of patients with high cardiovascular risk and their adherence to the Mediterranean diet, the principles of the diet were described according to the data from the Pubmed database. Adherence to and compliance with the principles of Mediterranean diet in patients with high cardiovascular risk were determined according to the Food Questionnaire in 29 outpatients with stable chronic forms of coronary heart disease and arterial hypertension: 18 men, 11 women aged 55.72±2.59 years with excessive body weight; the results were processed by the methods of variational statistics.
Results. The Mediterranean diet is recommended for patients with high cardiovascular risk, excess body weight, steatotic liver disease, inflammatory bowel diseases, autoimmune changes in the thyroid gland, dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and oncological processes. It is based on grains, cereals, vegetables and fruits, beans, nuts, and seeds; a small amount of meat, eggs, fish, and poultry; olive oil and moderate daily consumption of cheeses and yogurts. According to the Food Questionnaire, patients with a high cardiovascular risk are not sufficiently aware of the principles of this diet, do not fully follow the recommendations for replacing fats with extra virgin olive oil, do not consume enough fish, vegetables, fruits, nuts, whole grain pasta and hard cereals. In addition, they tend to consume meat, soft cereals, ordinary types of bread and pasta, sweets, carbonated beverages, beer, and spirits in excessive
amounts or too often.