Реферат

Мета. Провести аналіз повідомлень про побічні реакції та відсутність ефективності лікарських засобів, зареєстрованих лікарями міста Львова та області у 2020 році.

Матеріали і методи. Об'єктом нашого дослідженнябули повідомленя, що надішли у Державний Експертний Центр Міністерства Охорони Здоров»я України від лікарів міста Львова, району та області  впродовж 2018-2020 років через автоматизовану інформаційну систему фармаконагляду та карти повідомлення (форма 137/о) про побічні реакції та відсутність ефективності лікарських засобів. Застосовано методи системного, клініко-фармакологічного та статистичного   підходу. 

Результати й обговорення. У 2020 році у Львівській області було зареєстровано та подано до Центру 323 повідомлення про побічні реакції та відсутність ефективності лікарських засобів.  Проведений аналіз повідомлень показав, що побічні реакції на лікарські засоби  найчастіше виникали у жінок (59%), ніж у чоловіків (41%).  Найбільша кількість виявлених побічних реакцій на лікарські засоби  спостерігалась у пацієнтів зрілого (44-60 років) – 28,2% та похилого (60-75 років) віку – 23,5%.

            Серед лікарських засобів з доведеним причино-наслідковим зв'язком перше місце за частотою виникнення побічних реакцій посіли хіміотерапевтичні засоби (40,3%), серед яких лідируючі позиції, як і в минулі 2018 та 2019 роки займали антибактеріальні засоби (32,2%), а серед останніх у 12,7% випадків побічні реакції були викликані протитуберкульозними лікарськими засобами. Хотілось би відмітити, що групи-лідери лікарських засобів, що викликали побічні реакції у пацієнтів Львівського регіону впродовж 2018-2020 років були незмінними. Так, друге місце за частотою виникнення побічних реакцій посіли лікарські засоби, що впливають на серцево-судинну систему. Аналізуючи динаміку виникнення побічних реакцій на тлі цієї групи  лікарських засобів, слід відмітити, статистично значуще збільшення частоти побічних реакцій з 12,4% до 19,2% (р≤0,05) у 2018 та 2020рр. відповідно, що свідчить про зростання серцево-судинної патології у Львові та області. Третю позицію за частотою виникнення побічних реакцій у вказаному річному діапазоні незмінно займають нестероїдні протизапальні засоби.

            Важливо відмітити про статистично значуще зменшення домінуючого типу побічних реакцій у вигляді алергічних реакцій негайного типу з 43% до 22,9% (р≤0,05) у пацієнтів, які лікувались у 2018 та 2020рр. відповідно.  Побічні реакції з боку шлунково-кишкового тракту у 2018-2020 роках виникали  майже з однаковою частотою, а саме - 19,2; 16,5 та 18% відповідно і займали друге місце. Третю позицію за частотою виникнення посіли побічні реакції з боку центральної нервової системи, які також майже рівномірно виникали впродовж 2018-2020рр. 

            Таким чином, згідно розташування лікарських засобів за частотою виникнення  побічних реакцій  можна зробити висновок,  про високу частоту призначень лікарями Львова та області антибактеріальних лікарських засобів та препаратів, які впливають на серцево-судинну систему, а також про значну поширеність на теренах Львівщини інфекційних захворювань та туберкульозу, а також про високу питому вагу кардіоваскулярної патології.

            Проведення аналізу виявлених побічних реакцій лікарських засобів у Львівському регіоні у 2020 році показало, що немає абсолютно безпечних лікарських засобів. Тому, призначаючи будь-який лікарський засіб, кожен лікар повинен завжди бути готовим до виникнення побічної реакції, яка може спричинити загрозу життю пацієнта.

Висновки: 1.За частотою виникнення побічних реакцій препаратами-лідерами були хіміотерапевтичні  засоби (40,3%), засоби, що впливають на серцево-судинну систему (19,2%) та нестероїдні протизапальні засоби (9,9%).

  1. Серед побічних реакцій на лікарські засоби домінуючі позиції зайняли алергічні реакції негайного типу (22,9%), реакції з боку шлунково-кишкового тракту (18%), а також реакції з боку центральної нервової системи (10,2%).

Abstract

Research aim. Analysis of reportings about adverse drug reactions and the lack of drug efficacy registered by medical staff in the city of Lviv and the region in 2020.

Materials and methods of research. The object of our study was the reports about adverse drug reactions and the lack of drug efficacy received by the State Expert Center  of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine from the medical staffof health care institutions in Lviv, district and the region during 2018-2020 via the automated information system of pharmacovigilance  and notification cards (form 137/o). Methods of systematic, clinical-pharmacological and statistical approach were usedto achieve the main goal of study.

Results and discussion. In 2020, 323 notifications on the risk of adverse drug reactions or lack of drug eficacy were registered and submitted to the Center in Lviv region. Reportanalysis showed that the risk of adverse drug reactions occurred more often in women (59%) than in men (41%). The largest number of detected the risk of adverse drug reactions  was observed in older patients(aged 44-60) - 28.2% and the elderly ones (aged 60-75) - 23.5%.

Among drugs with a proven cause-and-effect relationship, the medicines characterised by the highest frequency of their  risk of adverse drug reactions have appeared to be chemotherapeutic drugs (40.3%).Within this group the antibacterial drugs resulted in the largest number of the risk of adverse drug reactions (32.2%)as in 2018 and 2019. Among the last ones most frequently caused  the risk of adverse drug reactions have been reported to occur after the use of anti-tuberculosis medicines (12.7%).   It is to be emphasized that the top groups of drugs that caused most the risk of adverse drug reactions in patients of Lviv region during 2018-2020 has remained unchanged. Thus, the second place on the list of medicines with the highest frequency of the risk of adverse drug reactions has been occupied by drugs that affect the cardiovascular system. Having analyzed the dynamics of the risk of adverse drug reactions caused by such group of drugs, we claim about statistically significant increase in the frequency of the risk of adverse drug reactions rising from 12.4% in 2018 to 19.2% in 2020 (p≤0.05), which may indicate the tendency of increase in cardiovascular pathology in Lviv and the region. The third position in the risk of adverse drug reactions frequency medicines is occupied by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The number of the risk of adverse drug reactions due to their use was almost equal and did not alter during 2018-2020. It amounted to 11.5; 10.2 and 9.9%, respectively.  

            Alongside this, it is important to note a statistically significant decrease in the risk of adverse drug reactions revealed in the form of immediate allergic reactionsfalling down from 43% to 22.9% in patients treated in 2018 and 2020 respectively (p≤0.05).

            The given study analysis showed that adverse reactions in the gastrointestinal tract in 2018-2020 occurred with almost the same frequency, namely - 19.2; 16.5 and 18%, respectively,which claims about them occupying the second place on the list of most frequent the risk of adverse drug reactions. The third position on the list of side effect occurrence frequency of occurrence was taken by the risk of adverse drug reactions in central nervous system , which also occurred almost evenly during 2018-2020

            Therefore, the analysis of detected the risk of adverse drug reactions and lack of drug efficacy cases in Lviv region in 2020 showed that it is impossible to claim about the existence of medicines that are absolutely safe. In prescribing any drug, the doctor must always be prepared to deal with the risk of adverse drug reactions occurrence and to be ready for qualified medical care provision.

Conclusions:1. In terms of the frequency of adverse reactions, the leading drugs were chemotherapeutic agents (40.3%), agents that affect the cardiovascular system (19.2%) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (9.9%). 2. Among adverse reactions to drugs, allergic reactions of the immediate type  (22,9%), gastrointestinal reactions (18%) and  as well as reactions from the central nervous system (10.2%).

Background: We examined the human toll and subsequent humanitarian crisis resulting from the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which began on 24 February 2022.

Method: We extracted and analysed data resulting from Russian military attacks on Ukrainians between 24 February and 4 August 2022. The data tracked direct deaths and injuries, damage to healthcare infrastructure and the impact on health, the destruction of residences, infrastructure, communication systems, and utility services - all of which disrupted the lives of Ukrainians.

Results: As of 4 August 2022, 5552 civilians were killed outright and 8513 injured in Ukraine as a result of Russian attacks. Local officials estimate as many as 24 328 people were also killed in mass atrocities, with Mariupol being the largest (n=22 000) such example. Aside from wide swaths of homes, schools, roads, and bridges destroyed, hospitals and health facilities from 21 cities across Ukraine came under attack. The disruption to water, gas, electricity, and internet services also extended to affect supplies of medications and other supplies owing to destroyed facilities or production that ceased due to the war. The data also show that Ukraine saw an increase in cases of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and Coronavirus (COVID-19).

Conclusions: The 2022 Russia-Ukraine War not only resulted in deaths and injuries but also impacted the lives and safety of Ukrainians through destruction of healthcare facilities and disrupted delivery of healthcare and supplies. The war is an ongoing humanitarian crisis given the continuing destruction of infrastructure and services that directly impact the well-being of human lives. The devastation, trauma and human cost of war will impact generations of Ukrainians to come.

The aim of the study is to identify the expectations of physicians (provisors)-interns for postgraduate education and assess their satisfaction with the course of primary specialization (internship). The sociological crossectional study was performed in 2021 by surveying interns of Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University majoring in the following medical specialties: “Medicine” and “Pediatrics”, “Dentistry”, “Pharmacy”. The survey took place in two groups: applicants at the beginning of the internship (n=655) and after completion of the internship (n=623). Statistical methods (which are represented with confidence intervals calculated by the Fisher’s angular transformation method), structural-logical analysis and a systematic approach were used. The study revealed that the most effective form of training in the full-time internship cycle are practical classes and conferences for physicians(provisors)-interns; the least effective form is independent work. The main factors that prevented the interns from mastering the professional knowledge, skills and abilities of the internship cycle are limited opportunities for independent supervision of patients, material and technical equipment of the clinical base of the department and the interns’ own inertia. Certain shortcomings in the organization of the practical part of the internship on the basis of the hospital / pharmacy were established, namely: lack of supervision of patients, lack of practical activities, unsatisfactory material and technical equipment and disinterest of the staff in the training of interns. According to interns, the ideal model of internship should be available, that would provide the optimal amount of theoretical knowledge and relevant practical skills and would be as relevant to the future work of the physician as possible. Applicants emphasize the qualitative component of obtaining postgraduate medical education: the use of new treatment protocols, training in hospital of the third level of medical care, the possibility of doing internships abroad. Such sociological surveys among physians (provisors)-interns on their satisfaction and compliance with expectations are an important component of the development of an optimized Model of postgraduate education of doctors / provisors in Ukraine, which will improve the quality of primary specialization (internship), the ultimate goal of which is health preservation and improvement of the life expectancy of Ukrainian citizens.

The aim. The purpose of this review is to summarize data on the synthesis and structural modification of heterocyclic systems with triazole and thiadiazole fragments in molecules as promising objects in bioorganic and medicinal chemistry.

Materials and methods. The research based on bibliosemantic and analytical methods using bibliographic and abstract databases, as well as databases of chemical compounds.

Results. Modern medicinal chemistry faces many challenges, one of which is the determination of the activity and specificity of therapeutic agents. Recent scientific data showed that triazoles and/or thiadiazoles have broad spectrum of biological activities, in particular antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer and anticonvulsant. Synthetic research allows to propose a whole number of new molecular design directions of biological active triazole and/or thiadiazole derivatives, as well as to obtain directed library that include hundreds of new compounds. This review is an effort to summarize data of its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity over the last decade. We summarized and analyzed the series of triazole and/or thiadiazole derivatives and provided data of their structure-activity relationship. For optimization and rational design of highly active molecules with optimal «drug-like» characteristics and discovering of possible mechanism of action SAR, QSAR analysis and molecular docking were summarized.

Conclusions. It has been shown that heterocyclic systems containing fragments of triazole and / or thiadiazole are a significant source of promising analgesic and/or anti-inflammatory agents. It has been established that the mentioned heterocyclic derivatives have a high selectivity of action, low toxicity and an effect commensurate with standard drugs

ABSTRACT
The aim: To study medical and pharmaceutical specialists’ approaches to outpatient injection treatment and their impact on the quality of medical care.
Materials and methods: The object of the study was the answers of health care professionals (n=1408) to the questions on the use of injectable pharmacotherapy in personal treatment, listed in a specially designed questionnaire on a single protocol. System analysis, questionnaire survey, statistical, comparative-and-analytical methods were used.
Results: The quality of outpatient injectable pharmacotherapy, according to the results of a survey of medical and pharmaceutical specialist, can be considered inappropriate, as in 52.9% of respondents the local adverse reaction were significantly more likely to develop compared to the respondents who did not have any local adverse reaction (χ2=21.7819, p<0.05). Most often, the following complications of injectable pharmacotherapy occurred in the analyzed respondents: pain – 45.8%; hardening – 28.3% and reddening – 21.7%. When conducting home-based treatment, 42.8% of the respondents involved persons without medical education for the execution of procedures, which is significantly more frequent (χ2=26.5556, p<0.05) in comparison with the respondents who invited medical personnel (27.0%) and used the method of self-injection (30.2%).
Conclusions: The results of a survey of medical and pharmaceutical specialists revealed that home-based injectable treatment, based mainly on their own experience, is common in the occupational environment of health care professionals.