The issue of a detailed study of the morphological features of the uterus of a female white rat, which is normally bicornuate, is quite relevant given the possibility of using it as a model of the corresponding anomaly in humans.The purpose of the work is to study the morphological and topographic features of the uterus of a female white rat. Object and methods of research. The macro anatomy and syntopy of the uterus of 8 female white rats weighing 200-230 g aged 4.5-5 months were studied. The preparation of the abdominal cavity, followed by the study of syntopy and holotopy of the uterus was carried out. Further, the uterus was removed and its morphological features were studied, the measurements were performed using a caliper and weighing on electronic scales. Results. The female uterus is found to consist of two spurs that unite to form a common cervix in the pelvic cavity, and the spurs rise into the abdomen and their tops, along with the ovaries and twisted fallopian tubes, adjoin the lower poles of the kidneys. There is an asymmetry of uterine spurs: the right spur is 0.2 cm longer than the left one on average, but the outer diameter of the left spur exceeds the same size of the right one on average by 1 mm. The weight of the uterus averages 0.88 g, which is 0.38% of the total weight of the rat. Conclusions. Morphologically, the uterus of a female rat has significant similarities to such an anomaly as a bicornuate uterus in humans. There are some differences: the spurs of the rat uterus are considerable in length and extend beyond the pelvic cavity, while the uterus of a non pregnant woman lies only in the pelvic cavity. The ratio of uterine weight to the body weight of the female rat is 4.6 times higher than the same ratio in humans.

The mechanisms of formation of male infertility are increasingly becoming immune dependent. This study aims to study the role of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in seminal fluid to clarify their role in spermatogenesis. This research is carried out at rheumatology and urology departments of Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University (Ukraine). 45 infertile men aged 22–48 were examined. They were divided into 2 groups: first group – 22 men with a systemic autoimmune disease – rheumatoid arthritis; second group – 23 somatically healthy patients with idiopathic infertility. The control group included 27 fertile healthy men aged 22–48 years. Student's t-test was used to compare the significant difference in mean values between groups. Patients with autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis) had the highest rate of leukocytospermia, indicating a possible long-term inflammatory process. The TGF-β1 level was higher in men with idiopathic infertility, and in patients with autoimmune pathology was reduced compared to the control group, however these changes were not significant. At the same time in patient of both group the level a pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-18 increased approximately by 2.5 times.
In patients with idiopathic infertility and patients with autoimmune pathology, a simultaneous increase in the IFN-γ level and a decrease in the IL-1β level were found. The ІL-6 level in seminal plasma of infertile men of both groups was increased. The ratio IL-10/TNF-α was decreased in seminal plasma of infertile men with rheumatoid arthritis. It was found that in autoimmune pathology, the increased level of IL-1β in blood serum compared to controls was associated with its reduced level in seminal fluid (r=-0.51, p<0.05). In idiopathic infertility, a low level of IL-1β in seminal fluid was also associated with a low concentration of this cytokine in blood serum (r=0.62, p<0.05). The functioning of the immune and reproductive systems of the male body is closely related and interdependent. Disorders of immune reactivity, which accompany the development of autoimmune pathology associated with disorders of reproductive function in men. The largest number of deviations of immune reactivity was found in infertile men with concomitant autoimmune diseases.

In 2022, 90 years passed since the birthday of the outstanding Ukrainian scientist-anatomist, head of the Department of Normal Anatomy of the Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Professor Mykhailo Andriyovych Netlyukh, and 50 years since the publication of his first "Latin-Ukrainian Anatomical Dictionary (International and Ukrainian anatomical nomenclature)" (Kyiv, Naukova dumka, 1972).

In our opinion, this is the anniversary date of the Ukrainian professor-anatomist Mykhailo Andriyovych Netlyukh, our dear teacher and mentor, who tirelessly, dignified, heroically defended, nurtured and developed Ukrainian names in anatomy and medicine in general, created and enriched the Ukrainian-speaking space in the years that it is difficult to call them favourable for the development of the Ukrainian language, science and culture, affirms our grateful memory, which does not fade or wither over time. We hope that the "Latin-Ukrainian Anatomical Dictionary" by M.A. Netliukh, published 50 years ago, will delight medical students, doctors, philologists and all interested people with its language richness in new editions more than once.