UDC: 616.94:576.8.06:616.155.34:616.155.321]-002.828-092.9

   Background. Sepsis is a major global health problem, with fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans emerging as a significant cause of invasive infection. Fungal sepsis has a higher mortality rate than bacterial sepsis and is complicated by antifungal resistance. Although neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) help to contain fungi, excessive NETs can contribute to inflammation and tissue injury. Understanding these mechanisms could reveal markers of disease activity and new therapeutic targets. Materials and Methods. Fungal sepsis was induced in twelve male BALB/c mice via an intraperitoneal injection of Meyerozyma guilliermondii (107 cells per mouse). Blood was collected at the beginning of the study and then on days 1–3, 7–9, and 13–15. Serum was analyzed for IgG, IgM, circulating immune complexes (ELISA), and extracellular DNA (fluorescence assay). 
   Results and Discussion. In mice with fungal sepsis, IgG levels remained stable while IgM levels increased significantly between days 7 and 9, before declining from day 13. IgG–IgM immune complexes peaked around days 8–9, reflecting active antigenantibody responses. Free DNA levels, which indicate NETs formation, increased by day 7 and then declined, showing early neutrophil activation followed by humoral control. Together, these findings suggest a coordinated immune response in which NETs and immune complexes contribute to both pathogen control and inflammation.
   Conclusion. Fungal sepsis induced by Meyerozyma guilliermondii resulted in early NETosis and an increase in IgM and immune complexes. IgM levels peaked on days 7–9 before declining. Unlike Candida albicans, this strain does not cause rapid lethality, enabling detailed tracking of disease progression over time. After day 9, immune parameters began to normalize, indicating the resolution of the acute phase and supporting the usefulness of this model for studying host immune dynamics in fungal sepsis.
   Keywords: fungal sepsis, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, acute inflammation, immune defense, circulating immune complexes, neutrophil extracellular traps
(NETs)

Echinococcosis is an interdisciplinary medical and veterinary problem, highlighting the interconnected nature of human and animal health, particularly in the context of zoonotic disease transmission and control, currently considered within the framework of the “One Health” approach. Among the nine species of helminths belonging to the genus Echinococcus, two are most relevant for Ukraine and Poland: Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) and E. multilocularis. The former causes cystic (hydatid) echinococcosis in humans, while the latter causes alveolar echinococcosis. These dangerous biohelminthoses form parasitic systems involving definitive hosts (carnivorous mammals of the order Carnivora, families Canidae and Felidae) and intermediate hosts (cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, rodents, humans, etc.).

The aim of this study was to determine the main characteristics of the development of epizootic and epidemic processes of echinococcosis at the present stage, considering the impact of the active phase of the Russo-Ukrainian war on the dynamics of the spread of this biohelminthosis. Descriptive techniques of the comprehensive epidemiological method were used to achieve the goal.

Alveolar and cystic echinococcosis are defined as endemic hazardous parasitic diseases under epizootic and epidemiological surveillance in Ukraine. Cystic echinococcosis is widespread nationwide, while alveolar echinococcosis has a more pronounced zonal distribution. Cases of echinococcosis in humans and animals are recorded annually in Ukraine. The epizootic situation has worsened due to the inability to implement anti-epizootic measures for dogs and livestock in active combat zones and frontline areas. In humans, the chronic parasitic disease manifests with multi-organ damage, most commonly affecting the liver and lungs, though other organs such as the spleen, kidneys, and brain may be involved, too. After a long incubation period, it is usually detected in advanced stages through instrumental diagnostic methods. Surgical removal of larvocysts is performed using the PAIR technique (Puncture-Aspiration-Instillation-Reaspiration). In cases of multiple organ involvement, the prognosis may be unfavorable.

The lack of effective preventive measures and the limited efficacy of anthelmintic treatments complicates efforts to combat human echinococcosis. The optimal approach involves adherence to core strategies of the “One Health” program: deworming dogs as definitive hosts of Echinococcus granulosus s.l., improving environmental health, and raising public awareness.

Ресинхронізаційна терапія – сучасний метод лікування пацієнтів із серцевою недостатністю та систолічною дисфункцією лівого шлуночка в поєднанні з порушеннями внутрішньошлуночкової провідності. Суть ресинхронізаційної терапії полягає у відновленні передсердно шлуночкової, внутрішньошлуночкової та міжшлуночкової синхронії, що дає змогу забезпечити координацію роботи шлуночків та покращити їх систолічну функцію. Існує два основних методи ресинхронізаційної терапії – бівентрикулярна кардіостимуляція та стимуляція провідної системи серця. «Класичним» методом ресинхронізаційної терапії з найбільшою доказовою базою є бівентрикулярна кардіостимуляція. Проте останнім часом велика увага приділяється стимуляції провідної системи, що є відносно новим методом ресинхронізації. За багатьма критеріями стимуляція провідної системи, а особливо зони лівої ніжки пучка Гіса, не лише зіставна з бівентрикулярною кардіостимуляцією, а навіть має переваги порівняно з нею. У деяких випадках для
досягнення кращого ресинхронізаційного ефекту застосовують методи оптимізації ресинхронізаційної терапії, які полягають в одночасній стимуляції більшої кількості локусів, а також у поєднанні бівентрикулярної кардіостимуляції та стимуляції провідної системи (LOT CRT, HOT CRT). У цьому огляді проаналізовано клінічні аспекти та особливості застосування різних методик ресинхронізації, їх переваги і недоліки.

Conduction system pacing (CSP), which includes His bundle pacing (HBP) and left bundle branch area pacing (LBBAP), is
increasingly recognized as a physiological and clinically effective alternative to conventional right ventricular pacing
(RVP) and biventricular pacing (BiVP). The 2023 EHRA consensus provided a detailed overview of implantation
techniques and procedural endpoints, while the 2025 EHRA/ESC clinical consensus expands the discussion to clinical
decision-making and patient selection across various scenarios.
This review highlights the evolving role of CSP specifically in the context of bradycardia management and cardiac
resynchronization therapy (CRT). We focus on how recent recommendations guide the choice of pacing strategy or
resynchronization modality depending on individual clinical scenarios.