Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which affects both children and adults. Although most cases of COVID-19 in children have a mild course, sometimes the disease is severe. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare complication of COVID-19, characterized by pronounced cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and skin-mucosal signs and symptoms that, in particular, may meet the criteria for atypical or typical Kawasaki disease (KD). This article represents a clinical case of a 13-year-old boy with an atypical course of SARS-CoV-2-
Induced Kawasaki-Like Multisystem Hyperinflammatory Syndrome, who was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin, corticosteroids, and aspirin. Equally, it presents a thorough description of carrying out a differential diagnosis between MIS-C and Kawasaki disease and a review of the application of drugs needed for MIS-C treatment, the main goal of which is to ensure the best protection against CA aneurysms and avoid long-term sequelae.

Summary

Among patients with acute abdominal pathology who were hospitalized in surgical hospitals, about 5% are patients with acute pancreatitis. Moreover, in recent decades there has been a multiple increase in the incidence rate. According to many studies in industrialized countries, the incidence of acute pancreatitis is in the range of 200 to 800 new cases of acute pancreatitis per 1 million population per year. According to many researchers, one of the main factors causing severe acute pancreatitis is the invasion of gram-negative bacteria from the colon, through pathological bacterial translocation. This mechanism may play a major role in the development of septic complications - "death begins in the colon, which in acute abdominal pathology turns into an undrained abscess." The article presents and analyzes the results of ultramicroscopic study of changes in the structure of the mucous membrane of the colon in patients with destructive forms of acute pancreatitis. 75 microphotographs were analyzed. It was found that in acute pancreatitis, the main foci of destruction were localized in the surface layers of the mucous membrane of the colon. The changes found at the ultrastructural level are considered to be a morphological manifestation of pathological bacterial translocation in the studied pathology.

Keywords: pancreas, colon, pathological bacterial translocation

Abstract: Introduction: Nowadays, the coronavirus disease COVID-19 is a global problem for the population of the whole world which has acquired the character of a pandemic. Under physiological conditions, in a healthy person, erythrocytes make up 96% of all blood cells, leukocytes 3%, and hrombocytes about 1%. In healthy individuals, erythrocytes are mostly shaped like a biconcave disc and do not contain a nucleus. The diameter of the erythrocyte is 8 microns, but the peculiarities of the cell structure and the membrane structure ensure their great ability to deform and pass through capillaries with a narrow lumen of 2-3 microns. Therefore, the study of the morpho-functional state of blood cells, namely erythrocytes, in this category of patients is relevant and deserves further research.

The Aim: To figure out the effect of the coronavirus disease COVID-19 on the ultrastructural blood cell changes, in particular erythrocytes, in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and diabetes mellitus type 2.

Materials and Methods: Twelve patients with COVID-19 who had an acute myocardial infarction were examined. The comparison group consisted of 10 people with acute myocardial infarction without symptoms of COVID-19. The average age of the patients was 62 ± 5,6 years. The functional state and ultrastructure of blood cells were studied using electron microscopy.

Results: In the presence of COVID-19, we detected both calcification and destruction of erythrocytes and platelets. Reticulocytes were detected much more often in these individuals than in the comparison group. In patients with acute myocardial infarction in the presence of type 2 diabetes and COVID-19, a significant number of markedly deformed, hemolyzed erythrocytes or with signs of acanthosis, which stuck together and with other destructively changed blood cells, were found. We also detected «neutrophils extracellular traps» (NETs).

Conclusions: Morphological changes of blood cells in COVID-19 varied according to the disease course and severity especially in the background of a weakened immune system in older and elderly people, in the presence of diabetes, excessive body weight, cardiovascular diseases and occupational hazards. Under the influence of COVID-19, blood cells are destroyed by apoptosis and necrosis. Therefore, hypoxia and ischemia of vital organs of the human body occur.

Моніторинг серцево-судинних ускладнень хіміотерапевтичних препаратів є важливою складовою протипухлинного лікування, що впливає на якість і тривалість життя пацієнтів з онкологічними захворюваннями. Європейське товариство кардіологів (ESC) у співпраці з Європейською гематологічною асоціацією (EHA), Європейським товариством терапевтичної радіології та онкології (ESTRO) і Міжнародним товариством кардіоонкології (ICOS) розробило перші рекомендації щодо моніторингу серцево-судинної токсичності, які включають базову оцінку серцево-судинних ризиків на підставі огляду кардіолога із стратифікацією ризику на основі SCORE2 або SCORE2-OP, контролю АТ, запису ЕКГ, методів візуалізації серця з проведенням трансторакальної й speckle tracking ехокардіографії, МРТ, та визначення серцевих біомаркерів, таких як натрійуретичний пептид і тропоніни. На підставі проведеного аналізу кардіотоксичності для кожної з груп протипухлинних препаратів було визначено обсяг досліджень, частоту і тривалість спостереження. Згідно з даними, отриманими під час спостереження, визначається тактика подальшого лікування, зважується ризик/користь продовження протипухлинної терапії, а довгострокові стратегії дозволяють виявити віддалені серцево-судинні ускладнення. Для спостереження рекомендовано застосовувати нові протоколи, розглянуті в цій частині, проводити повторну оцінку ризиків з урахуванням застосованих методів терапії, виду раку, наявності чи відсутності серцево-судинних подій під час лікування, стресових факторів навколишнього середовища. Протоколи, спрямовані на покращення стратегій виживання хворих з онкологічними захворюваннями, у своїй діяльності зможуть використовувати лікарі різних спеціальностей — онкологи, гематологи, кардіологи, сімейні лікарі.

Monitoring of cardiovascular complications of chemotherapy is an important component of anticancer treatment, which affects the quality of life and overall patient survival. The European Society of Cardiology (ESC), in collaboration with the European Haematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS), published their first guidelines on monitoring of cardiovascular toxicity, which include a basic assessment of cardiovascular risks based on a cardiologists examination and risk stratification based on SCORE2 or SCORE2-OP, BP control, ECG recording, cardiac imaging methods with transthoracic and speckle tracking echocardiography, MRI, and determination of cardiac biomarkers, such as natriuretic peptide and troponins. According to the cardiotoxicity analysis, the volume of studies, frequency and duration of observation were determined for each of the groups of anticancer drugs. The data obtained during observation determine the tactics of further treatment, weigh the risk/benefit of continuing anticancer therapy, and long-term strategies allow the detection of long-term cardiovascular complications. It is recommended to use the new protocols discussed in this part for monitoring, re-assessment of risks taking into account the applied therapy methods, the type of cancer, the presence or absence of cardiovascular events during treatment, and environmental stress factors.
Protocols aimed at improving the survival strategies of patients with cancer will be able to be used by doctors of various specialties in their clinical practice — oncologists, hematologists, cardiologists, family doctors.