Abstract
Background Disease and non-battle injuries (DNBI) often account for more military casualties than those from
combat wounds. The February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine has severely limited access to care in areas with
increasing patient care needs beyond combat injuries. The expansion of the draft resulted in an older military
population susceptible to musculoskeletal injuries, while trench warfare and harsh winters create conditions
conducive to cold weather injuries and infectious diseases. This study aims to assess the prevalence and scope of
DNBI in Ukraine.
Methods We conducted qualitative key informant interviews with Ukrainian military and civilian health care workers
from June 2023-February 2024 using an expanded version of the Global Trauma System Evaluation Tool which had
components focusing on DNBI. Thematic content analysis was used to derive key themes related to DNBI from
interviews.
Results We conducted 36 key informant interviews. Respondents described the wide range of DNBI that Ukrainian
soldiers are experiencing. Infectious disease, cold weather injuries, musculoskeletal injuries, sexual assault, and mental health emerged as prevalent concerns. Respondents described the critical shortage of resources and the high burden on military hospitals as barriers to the delivery of adequate care for DNBI.
Conclusions DNBI in Ukraine are directly related to the physical environment and the age and fitness of the military population. The troop shortage has resulted in soldiers with chronic illnesses returning to duty, while the physical environment limits prevention measures for weather-related injuries and infectious diseases. The complex healthcare challenges created by these factors highlight the importance of a military health system with the capacity to provide service members with the full spectrum of care beyond combat injuries.
Keywords Ukraine, Disease and Non-battle Injury, Conflict, Military Health
Introduction:
Ukraine’s health and trauma care system has been devastated by the Russian Federation’s invasion in 2022. Previous research shared insight of returned volunteers into changes in the system; however, as the war continues there is the need to understand how the observations of United States (U.S.) volunteers and Ukrainians working in healthcare in Ukraine may differ regarding perceptions of the trauma system’s current strengths and challenges.
Materials and Methods: We conducted structured interviews with U.S. healthcare or healthcare-adjacent returned volunteers and Ukrainian healthcare workers using the Ukraine Trauma System Assessment Tool Study Region Observation (TSAT SRO) Tool. Mean scores were calculated for each trauma system domain among both Ukrainian and U.S. groups. t-tests were used to determine if there were any statistical differences between these means among the 2 groups.
Results:
The overall score for the Ukraine trauma system combining scores from U.S. volunteers and Ukrainians was 1.89 out of a possible 3.00. The domains with the highest combined scores included Prehospital, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive (score = 2.33), Prehospital Training (score = 2.25), and Definitive Care Facilities: Blood Product Use (score = 2.38). Domains with the lowest combined scores included Injury Prevention (score = 1.55), Definitive
Care Facilities: Disease and Non-Battle Injuries (DNBI) (score = 1.60), and Logistics and Supply (score = 1.55). U.S.
volunteers scored every domain lower compared to Ukrainian respondents. All differences between U.S. volunteers
and Ukrainian responses were statistically significant except Definitive Care Facilities: Telemedicine, Definitive Care
Facilities: Blood Product Use, and Definitive Care Facilities: DNBI.
Conclusions:
TSAT SRO component scoring from observations of U.S. volunteers and Ukrainian healthcare workers suggests the
current Ukrainian trauma system is in development. Domain scores differed between U.S. volunteers and Ukrainians; most were statistically significant, demonstrating the importance of including citizens of a nation versus only foreign healthcare workers in assessing a healthcare or trauma system
УДК 613:61:378
У статті висвітлено основні підходи до викладання дисципліни «Гігієна та екологія» у підготовці фахівців другого (магістерського) рівня вищої освіти галузі знань 222 «Охорона здоров'я» за спеціальністю 222 «Медицина» на кафедрі загальної гігієни з екологією ЛНМУ імені Данила Галицького, розкрито мету, основні завдання дисципліни, інтегральні, загальні та фахові компетентності, програмні результати навчання.
The article describes the main approaches to teaching the discipline “Hygiene and ecology” for the training of specialists of the second (master’s) level of higher education specialty 222 “Medicine” at the Department of General Hygiene and Ecology Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, the purpose, the main tasks of the discipline, integral, general, professional competences, program learning outcomes.
УДК 614.8/658+34
УДК 340.6:343.5
У статті на основі наукової літератури, досліджень експертів та чинного законодавства України здійснено аналіз поняття та змісту фальсифікації товарів, зокрема молока, під час проведення експертизи. Висвітлено особливості призначення та проведення товарознавчої експертизи з метою виявлення фальсифікованої молочної продукції. Проаналізовано основні способи фальсифікації молока. Зокрема, проведення якісного аналізу наявності соди в молоці за допомогою індикаторів, виявлення біополімерів (таких як крохмаль, борошно тощо) у молочній продукції шляхом термічного впливу, а також використання якісного методу для встановлення наявності гідроген пероксиду. В процесі дослідження проаналізовано відповідальність за порушення законодавства про захист прав споживачів, а також за фальсифікацію молока та молочної продукції. Опрацьовано зміни щодо Вимог до безпечності і якості молока та молочних продуктів, які передбачають чіткі правила реалізації молока, механізми проведення лабораторних досліджень та випробувань сирого молока щодо залишків антибіотиків, точки замерзання та лужної фосфатази в процесі дослідження молока опісля термічної обробки. Важливим моментом стало затвердження специфічних функцій національної референс-лабораторії, яка покликана здійснювати організаційно-методичне керівництво, а також консультативну і практичну допомогу мережі лабораторій, уповноважених на дослідження сирого молока у межах програми контролю сирого молока.
The article, based on scientific literature, expert research and current legislation of Ukraine, analyzes the concept and content of falsification of goods, in particular milk, during the examination. The features of the purpose and conduct of commodity examination in order to detect falsified dairy
products are highlighted. The main methods of falsification of milk are analyzed. In particular, qualitative analysis of the determination of soda using indicators in milk, determination of the presence of biopolymers (starch, flour and others) in milk by heat treatment, as well as a qualitative method for
determining the presence of hydrogen peroxide in dairy products. The study analyzed the responsibility for violation of consumer protection legislation, as well as for falsification of milk and dairy products.
Changes to the Requirements for the safety and quality of milk and dairy products, which provide for clear rules for the sale of milk, mechanisms for conducting laboratory research and testing raw milk for antibiotic residues, freezing point and alkaline phosphatase during the study of milk after
heat treatment, were worked out. An important moment was the approval of the specific functions of the national reference laboratory, which is designed to provide organizational and methodological guidance, as well as advisory and practical assistance to the network of laboratories authorized to test
raw milk within the framework of the raw milk control program.