УДК 613.97: 613.84

Мета: охарактеризувати медико-соціальний портрет курця електронних сигарет із нікотином серед молодого населення Львівської області.

Матеріали і методи. Проведено опитування, в якому взяли участь 817 респондентів молодого віку (від 18 до 45 років), які проживають у Львівській області. З-поміж них ми виокремили фокус-групу з 96 респондентів, які вказали, що використовують для куріння електронні сигарети з нікотином (ЕСН).

Результати. Середній вік курця ЕСН, у якому він/вона вперше спробував/-ла тютюнові вироби, склав 16,00 (15,75; 18,00) років та не відрізнявся від середнього віку курців інших тютюнових виробів, зокрема звичайних сигарет та тютюнових виробів для електронного нагрівання. Майже половина опитуваних ((47,92±5,10) %) споживачів вказала, що ЕСН курить регулярно. Найбільший відсоток ((37,50±4,94) %) анкетованих користувачів ЕСН припадає на курців, що навчаються. З’ясовано, що (66,67±4,81) % респондентів приховує споживання ЕСН від членів своєї сім’ї. Половина споживачів ЕСН повідомляє, що їх батьки курять, а також близько половини анкетованих курців даної фокус-групи мають більше 10 знайомих і близьких, що використовують новітні пристрої для споживання тютюну.

Серед найпопулярніших причин, чому споживачі використовують новітні пристрої для споживання тютюну, найбільший відсоток опитуваних курців ЕСН вказує на емоційну складову (поганий настрій, відчуття тривоги, депресія тощо) як на чинник, що спонукає їх до застосування ЕСН. Також в умовах війни в Україні (50,00±5,10) % опитуваних курців ЕСН вказують, що з повномасштабним вторгненням росії зросла частота вживання ними тютюнових виробів.

Попри доволі сумні тенденції у світі та в Україні, більшість користувачів ЕСН стверджує, що не має жодних хронічних захворювань. Це може свідчити про відтягування візиту до лікаря та звичайне ігнорування проблеми до крайнього її загострення. Також це може бути пов’язане з тим, що курять власне молоді люди, які ще не мають хронічних захворювань, та які з роками вживання тютюнових виробів набудуть їх.

Висновок. Отримана інформація буде використана при опрацюванні персоніфікованої моделі попередження новітніх методів споживання тютюнових виробів серед населення молодого віку в Львівській області.

УДK: 616:303.62]-071.1-038-037:618.39

The increase in the frequency of pregnancy loss and the negative prognostic trend with the probable development of the demographic crisis in connection with the martial law in Ukraine and the mass migration of the female population provoked by it, requires the search for all possible ways of prevention and prophylactic of this pathology.

Aim. Development and scientific substantiation of a risk-oriented model of prevention of pregnancy loss.

Material and Methods. In the course of creating a model for determining the probability of the appearance of symptoms of pregnancy loss, we used a step-by-step method of logistic regression with the gradual exclusion of unreliable signs according to the Wald method.

Results and Discussion. In the process of sociological research, the importance of 30 risk factors was analyzed, and 14 factors were singled out from among them using the logistic regression method, which, when combined, have a probable impact on the development of pregnancy loss. Namely: emotional strain/stress in everyday life, first ultrasound and biochemical screening, history of herpes type 1, chlamydial infection, COVID-19, tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis/sinusitis, autoimmune thyroiditis, presence of type I diabetes, use of artificial insemination, wine consumption, additional use of folic acid and drugs, marital status, and computer work. Among these 14 factors, three have a preventive effect, while the other 11 increase the risk of developing the pathology of pregnancy loss. This preventive model is reliable (p<0.001) and was transformed into the application "Individual prediction of the occurrence of pregnancy loss pathology" created for the Android platform, which provides 95.5% accuracy of the prediction of the occurrence of pregnancy loss pathology.

Conclusions. The personalized preventive model can be applied by general practitioners/family doctors and obstetrician-gynecologists in order to form risk groups among pregnant women and prevent the occurrence of pregnancy loss pathology.

Urinary bladder cancer (UBC) is a prevalent malignancy worldwide, exhibiting high recurrence rates and significant morbidity and mortality. Traditional diagnostic and prognostic methods often fall short in providing the precision required for effective patient stratification and personalized treatment. Genomic and transcriptomic studies have revolutionized our understanding of UBC by unveiling molecular alterations that drive tumor initiation, progression, and therapeutic response. This systematic review explores the role and application of genomic and transcriptomic analyses in the diagnostics and survival prediction of non-invasive and invasive UBC. We conducted a comprehensive literature search in MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus up to October 2023, adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Our search yielded 1,256 records (412 in MEDLINE, 378 in Web of Science, and 466 in Scopus), and 356 duplicates were removed. Our findings highlight key mechanisms of action, including mutations in FGFR3, TP53, and RB1 genes, and alterations in pathways such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK/ERK, which are pivotal in UBC pathogenesis. Recent research advances, including liquid biopsies and single-cell sequencing, offer promising non-invasive diagnostic tools and deeper insights into tumor heterogeneity. This review underscores the critical importance of integrating genomic and transcriptomic data into clinical practice to improve diagnostics, prognostic assessments, and personalized treatment strategies for UBC patients. Future research should focus on integrating multi- omics data and validating molecular biomarkers in large clinical trials to further enhance patient outcomes. 

Introduction.  Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common and relevant disease, especially in developed countries. Radical prostatectomy (RP) remains the gold standard for the treatment of localized PCa. However, research findings often show conflicting results regarding the potential dividends in patients that choose this option. A recent meta- analysis demonstrated that the greatest benefits were observed in the high-risk group of PCa patients. Therefore, the identification of this contingent of patients is highly relevant. 
Biomarkers remain promising in this context. In particular, PCA3, the use of which is actively discussed, taking into account the heterogeneity of the research results. In our opinion, this can be associated with the studies designs. Objectives. In this work, we tried to evaluate the relationship between the PCa patients urine PCA3 levels and the tumor dominant growth pattern (TDGP) according to the tumor zone origin (TZO) in the context of the postoperative ISUP class (ISUP-GG). Materials and methods. The inclusion criteria were the presence of results: urine PCA3, total PSA, prostate MRI, ISUP-GG. The study included 130 participants, that were divided into subgroups depending on the TZO and TDGP: aPCa (anterior), aPZ-PCa (anterior, peripheral zone) and pPZ-PCa (posterior, peripheral zone). Results. The zones of origin of tumors according to the division into subgroups determined on the basis of MRI were confirmed by the results of patho- histological conclusion.  A statistically significant difference between the study subgroups was observed only in PCA3 levels.  The PSA level was significantly different only between the aPZ-PCa and pPZ-PCa groups. Based on the results of Spearman's rank correlation analysis, a statistically significant positive relationship between the level of PCA3 and ISUP- GG was obtained in the pPZ-PCa group. Conclusions.  It is worth taking into account the TZO and TDGP of PCa when PCA3 urine levels is interpreted. 

Testicular cancer is the most common malignancy in young men, with early and accurate diagnosis being critical for effective management and prognosis. Traditionally, the diagnostic approach relies on scrotal ultrasound and serum tumor markers, which, while effective, have limitations in characterizing complex lesions and detecting small, non- palpable tumors or metastatic disease. Recent advancements in imaging technology have introduced multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) as a promising tool in the diagnostic armamentarium for testicular cancer. MpMRI combines multiple imaging sequences, including T2-weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and dynamic contrast- enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI), providing detailed anatomical and functional information about testicular lesions. This systematic review consolidates and evaluates current evidence regarding the role of mpMRI in the diagnosis, staging, and follow-up of testicular cancer. 
Key findings from the literature suggest that mpMRI offers superior sensitivity and specificity compared to conventional imaging techniques, particularly in distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions. It is also highly effective in the precise localization and staging of tumors, including the detection of small lymph node metastases, which are often missed by ultrasound or CT. This review highlights the potential of mpMRI to enhance diagnostic precision and influence treatment strategies in testicular cancer, while also identifying areas for further research, such as the optimization of imaging protocols and the assessment of mpMRI's impact on long-term clinical outcomes. The review underscores the importance of mpMRI as a non-invasive, highly informative imaging modality that could lead to more personalized and effective management of testicular cancer.