Fused systems combining 1,2,4-triazole and 1,3,4-thiadiazole rings occupy a prominent place in modern bioorganic and medicinal chemistry due to the diverse range of their biological activities. Thus, compounds incorporating [1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b]thiadiazole ring system are of essential importance and particular interest both in the pharmaceutical as well as agrochemical industries. Herein, an overview of certain synthetic methodologies for obtaining of heterocyclic compounds based on functionally substituted 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles are presented.

Triazolo[3,4-b]thiadiazoles are a class of heterocyclic compounds, which have attracted great interest in medicinal chemistry owing to their wide range of pharmacological activities. A number of triazoles fused to thiadiazoles are incorporated into a wide variety of therapeutically important compounds possessing a broad spectrum of biological activities. Considering such a significant pharmacological potential, as well as wide synthetic possibilities triazolo-thiadiazoles have received considerable attention from scientific community and are extensively used for construction of prospective drug-likes molecules. In this review, we summarized the literature data about the main synthetic approaches for obtaining condensed heterocyclic compounds based on triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole scaffold as promising objects for modern bioorganic and medicinal chemistry. 

A bisphenol-formaldehyde resin was synthesized using the polycondensation method of bisphenol A with formaldehyde. Road bitumen has been modified with this resin. The possibility of its use as a road petroleum bitumen modifier has been established for different contents of the synthesized resin. It has been established that the introduction of synthesized bisphenol-formaldehyde resin into the composition of bitumen significantly increases its heat resistance. The synthesized resin and modified bitumens were characterized using IR spectroscopy. The change in the composition and properties of the bitumen modified with bisphenol-formaldehyde resin has been described. 

Rhodanines are recognized as privileged heterocycles in medicinal chemistry. The main achievements include the development of drug-like molecules with numerous biological activities as well as approved drugs. The Furan nucleus is considered one of the promising heterocyclic cores in medicinal chemistry that showed numerous ranges of activity. The combination of several heterocycles in a one molecule commonly provides much more interest in the enhanced activity profile of its analogs than their parent separate constituents. Such conjugates are promising objects for modern medicinal chemistry. In this review paper recent advances in the synthesis and biological activities rhodanine-furan conjugates which its application in the different field of drug discovery.

Trench fever is a bartonellosis disease with a transmissible mechanism transmitted via specific vector – the human body louse (Pediculus humanus), manifested by a sudden onset, relapsing fever, severe pain in the calf muscles, and abundant maculopapular rash.

Aim. To determine the infestation of the population as a predictor of the occurrence of epidemic complications caused by trench fever, and to assess the impact of social factors resulting from the Russo-Ukrainian war on population prevalence rates.

Materials and Methods. A comprehensive epidemiological method was employed, involving the analysis of official statistics data on pediculosis, the dynamics and geographical distribution characteristics for years 2021-2023, and the processing of primary literature sources regarding trench fever.

Results. Trench fever remains a relevant endemic transmissible disease in Ukraine. The detection of seropositive individuals in all age groups indicates a hidden epidemic process of this disease, as well as the inadequacy of the epidemiological surveillance system in detecting and recording cases. The increase in the prevalence of pediculosis is the highest in administrative areas with the largest population density of internally displaced persons.

Discussion. The intensity of the epidemic process of trench fever correlates with socio-economic disruptions and wars; it is accompanied by worsening of living conditions and impoverishment of the population. The adaptation of the pathogen to spread by body lice has led to changes in the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the disease.

Conclusions. Ukraine is endemic of trench fever. During war, active epidemiological surveillance should be conducted to promptly identify cases, with control of pediculosis infestation in the general population.

Key words: trench fever, pediculosis, clinical and epidemiological characteristics, war.

Abbreviations:ICD – International classification of diseases; DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid; UN – United Nations Organization; GR – growth rate; PR – prevalence rate; HIV – human immunodeficiency virus; USA – United States of America.