An imbalance between generation of free radicals and antioxidant defence leads to an oxidative stress Pulmonary damage caused by oxygen toxicity occurs due to the generation of reactive oxygen species and subsequent formation of more potent oxidants in experimental peridontitis development. Furthermore, the reactive oxygen species content may be a useful and practical parameter for evaluating periodontal disease activity.

УДК 616.311.2-002-036.12-053.2-056.5-08

Abstract. Research in recent years indicates a high prevalence of periodontal tissue diseases in children and adolescents. It has been proven that in children with overweight, periodontal tissue diseases occur much more often than in children with normal weight. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to justify and clinically evaluate the effectiveness of a complex of therapeutic and preventive measures in children with chronic catarrhal gingivitis on the background of overweight. For this purpose, 158 children with overweight aged 12-15 years were examined. All children were divided into the main group, the comparison group and the control group. The clinical assessment of the intensity of the inflammatory process and the effectiveness of the treatment of HCG was carried out based on clinical signs and periodontal indices. For the treatment of HCG in children with overweight, a therapeutic and preventive complex was developed, which included: teaching children and their parents about hygiene, the rational choice of hygiene products, professional oral hygiene 2 times per year, and for children with moderate and severe gingivitis – 3-4 times; sanitation of the oral cavity; local application of our patented gel and mouthwash. It was recommended to rinse the oral cavity with herbal anti-inflammatory agents at home, correction of nutrition was carried out. In the comparison group and the control group, the treatment of HCG was carried out according to local protocols. The effectiveness of the HCG treatment was evaluated by the dynamics of clinical indicators during follow-up examinations the next day, after 5-6 and 12-14 days according to the criteria of «normalization», «improvement», «no change». It was established that the use of the developed complex for HCG treatment in children with overweight contributed to more pronounced normalization of clinical symptoms compared to children who received conventional treatment. The effectiveness of the treatment is also evidenced by a significant decrease in periodontal indices at all follow-up periods. Thus, the analysis of the immediate clinical results of the HCG treatment in children with overweight of the main group testified to the reliably high therapeutic effectiveness of the composition of local action in the form of gel and mouthwash on the inflammatory process in the periodontal tissues compared to the generally accepted method of treatment. Local pharmacological correction of the inflammatory process in the periodontal tissues contributed to the elimination of inflammation and improved oral hygiene.
Key words: chronic catarrhal gingivitis, periodontal indices, children, overweight, treatment.

УДК 616.311.2-002-053.2-08-06:616.899]-078-079

Abstract. The aim of the study was to analyze the dynamics of immunological and microbiological changes in the oral cavity of children with oligophrenia during the treatment of chronic catarrhal gingivitis. It was observed 54 children of 12 years old with І stages of oligophrenia to assess these changes. The main group included 26 children and a comparison group was formed from 28 children. Treatment of HCG in children of the main group was carried out according to the worked out scheme, which included the local application of anti-inflammatory gel “Holisal”, rinsing the oral cavity with anti-inflammatory and antibacterial agents. Askorutin, Echinacea-Lubnipharm and vitamin-mineral complex were prescribed as endogenous agents. Nutrition correction was also performed. In children of the comparison group, HCG treatment was carried out in accordance with regional protocols for dental care (professional oral hygiene, antiseptic treatment of the gingival mucosa, use of therapeutic and prophylactic pastes, oral hygiene training). Therapeutic measures in children with HCG and oligophrenia were used twice a year. The content of immunoglobulins A, M, G, secretory immunoglobulin A and interleukin spectrum in oral fluid, also changes in the biocenosis of the oral cavity at different periods of observation (after 1 and 6 months) were studied in the dynamics to assess the immunological and microbiological status of children during the treatment of HCG. Analysis of the results of the study of immunological and microbiological parameters of the oral cavity in children with oligophrenia in the treatment of HCG shows an improvement in local immunity, that evidenced about stabilization of immunological parameters of oral fluid (reduction of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, TGF-β1, increased levels of IgA, G, M, sIgA in the oral fluid), and the normalization of the biocenosis, that indicate on the positive dynamics of the microbial landscape of dental plaque. 
The results of clinical observations also confirm the effectiveness of the proposed complex for the treatment of HCG in children with oligophrenia.
Key words: HCG, children, oligophrenia, microbiological and immunological changes.

УДК 616. 314 : 616. 891] – 053. 2 (048. 8)

The data of psychological-medical-pedagogical consultations based, in addition to medical, on indicators of psychological-pedagogical examination, testify that the share of children who need correction of physical and (or) mental development is 12.2% of the total number of children in Ukraine. Psychoneurological disorders in children are accompanied by various functional disorders that adversely affect physical and psychosocial health. The state of the child's mental health has a significant impact on his compliance with recommendations for ensuring the optimal state of oral health (brushing teeth, rinsing, avoiding excessive sweets, carbonated drinks and other food products that can harm the child's dental health due to destruction of  enamel, disruption of remineralization processes, creation of a nutrient environment for active reproduction of bacteria).
In children with cerebral palsy, a high prevalence (100%) and intensity (6,4) of dental caries of the temporary bite were established. The number of complicated forms of caries in children with cerebral palsy increases with the severity of the form of the main disease (by 2.25 times), which makes it necessary to treat such children under general anaesthesia. It has been established that the intensity of dental caries and the spread of the inflammatory process in the periodontium increase with age. At the same time, the worst indicators of the hygienic state of the oral cavity are recorded in children with cerebral palsy aged 3-5 years. Bite anomalies in children with cerebral palsy: 52.9% in the period of temporary occlusion and 61.7% in the period of variable occlusion. It was established that in children with pronounced motor disorders, which are correlated with a profound degree of mental retardation, the frequency of dental caries and maxillofacial anomalies is significantly higher than in healthy children and patients with less pronounced manifestations of cerebral palsy.
Key words: dental status, psychoneurological disorders, caries, periodontal disease, maxillofacial anomalies and deformities

The paper analyses a network with given input and output flows in each of its nodes. The basis of this analysis is the algorithm for determining the set of solutions of the linear equations system, using the Gaussian method. The power of the set determines the structural entropy of the system. By introducing uncertainty into the value of part of the information flows, the deviation of the network from its equilibrium state is simulated. The set of potential solutions, as a part of the total set of the system solutions, determines the statistical entropy of the system. The probability entropy is calculated for a network with four nodes and a total flow of 10 erlangs with a sampling step of 1 erlang. Calculated entropy values for 1, 2, 3, and 4 uncertain flows out of a total of 16 flows that are transmitted between nodes of the fully connected network. As a result of the conducted statistical analysis of entropy values, the optimal number of statistical intervals for entropy values is determined: 4, 11, 24, and 43 intervals for 1, 2, 3, and 4 uncertain flows, respectively. This makes it possible to highlight the set of flows in the system that have the greatest influence on the entropy value in the system. The obtained results are of practical importance, as they enable the detection of deviations of the network from its equilibrium state by monitoring the passage of traffic on individual branches of a complex telecommunication network. Since, as shown in our previous works, the task of determining the complete set of solutions of the system for the number of nodes greater than 4 has a significant computational complexity, the application of the algorithm to such networks requires an increase in the discretization step of the values of information flows in the network. Another way to reduce computational complexity can be to reduce the set of analysed solutions to a subset of solutions close to the equilibrium state of the system. © 2022 Lviv Polytechnic National University.