Abstract: Henryk Kadyi’s (1851–1912) work in anatomical research is closely related to researching fundamental problems of preserving anatomic specimens for science and teaching. The goal of this study is to describe the professional life of Henryk Kadyi, to highlight his achievements for modern anatomy and to use his story to demonstrate the importance of mentoring, international scientific communication and cross border cooperations for scientific success.
The development of novel conservation methods gained him enormous respect of the scientific community and secured him a place in the history of medicine. Kadyi was educated in Vienna and shaped by Hyrtl and Langer. He then started residency in Krakow, where he was supervised by Teichmann, a disciple of Hyrtl. There, he received a call for professorship in Lviv. At each location, he was influence by local conditions, which improved his anatomical skills. This is a good example of the interconnection of knowledge, skills, scholarship, and scientific tradition between academic centers — in this case, Vienna, Krakow, and Lviv in the second half of the 19th century. Our paper focuses on Kadyi’s preparatory techniques with a particular emphasis on the influence that the education and skills acquired in Vienna and Krakow had on them and how they were shaped when Kadyi was already an independent researcher in Lviv.
Keywords: anatomy, anatomical preparations, history of medicine, Henryk Kadyi, history, 19th century, Lviv, Krakow, Vienna.

A B S T R A C T
Background: This article addresses the formation of academic networks among anatomists in the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the late 19th century during the earliest part of their careers, their student years, at thecapital’s university (University of Vienna), based on the example of the Galician anatomist Henryk Kadyi.
Material and methods: This comparative inquiry is based on archive material from the Lviv Regional StateArchive, the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv (both Ukraine), the Archive of the University ofVienna, the Austrian State Archive (both Austria) and the Archives of the Jagiellonian University (Poland).
Results: Archival sources show the variety of contacts a medical student could form within the anatomicalcommunity (both with teachers and student colleagues), which constituted the foundation for connections that lasted for an academic lifetime. The study demonstrates which knowledge, techniques, and methods were circulated within these newly formed anatomical networks. Kadyi was not a unique case but rather just one example of a broader dynamic among Galician students who came to Vienna.
Conclusion: Research on early-career networks is a promising approach for studying academic networks, especially their starting point, as the example of Henryk Kadyi proves. The importance of long-lasting contacts formed during an early academic career and their continued impact over the following years and decades cannot be overstated.

Abstract.
Background: The ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses exhibit marked anatomical variability that can impact surgical approaches and predispose individuals to complications during sinus and skull base procedures.
Objective: To characterize the morphometric patterns and anatomical variants of the ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses based on high-resolution CT data and to analyze their surgical and clinical significance.
Methods: A total of 400 CT scans were analyzed. Sinuses were classified by pneumatization type, dimensions, and presence of anatomical variants. 3D reconstructions were performed to assess spatial orientation and proximity to neurovascular structures.
Results: Ethmoid sinus complexity was classified into three distinct types, with higher complexity correlating with narrower surgical corridors and increased risk of incomplete ethmoidectomy. Sphenoid pneumatization showed significant variability, including presellar, sellar, and postsellar types. Onodi cells were identified in 13% of cases, closely related to the optic canal. Septated sphenoids were present in 21%, often traversing the internal carotid artery canal.
Conclusion: Detailed anatomical understanding of posterior sinus morphology and variation is essential for safe and effective sinus and skull base surgery. This study provides a morphometric atlas to support individualized surgical planning.
Key words. Computer tomography, paranasal sinusis, anatomy, sphenoid sinus, ethmoid sinus.

Ми розпочали останній рік першої чверті 21-го століття, що назавжди увійде в історію людства катастрофічними викликами, пов’язаними з численними військовими конфліктами у світі та пандемією COVID-19. Медичні наслідки повномасштабної війни в Україні посилюють необхідність активної обізнаності світу з масштабами наявних проблем [1, 2]. Обговорення медико-соціальних аспектів цих викликів і шляхів їхнього вирішення стало пріоритетними темами часопису «Праці Наукового Товариства імені Шевченка. Медичні науки» (далі – Медичні науки) у період за 2021 – 2024 роки. Тож ми вирішили на сторінках часопису відверто поділитися результатами нашої роботи за цей відтинок часу і пояснити, чому важливо вже сьогодні думати, яким буде наше видання у 2026 році.
Редакційна команда часопису Медичні науки – це досвід, загартований традиціями, сповнений сучасними знаннями та інноваціями і помножений на щирий ентузіазм вчених і лікарів. Новітні революційні технологічні рішення та формат відкритого доступу дають змогу миттєво оприлюднювати контент часопису Медичні науки на наукових інформаційних онлайн платформах. Завдяки інструментам Scopus і CrossRef-індексування кожна публікація швидко потрапляє з однієї веб-сторінки на інші, що сприяє її блискавичному поширенню на світовій науковій мапі [3]. Наукометричні інструменти CiteScore metrics, SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) та Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) промовисто свідчать про глобальну авдиторію читачів Медичні науки, що удвічі зросла від 2019 року до тепер. Ба більше, прогресивні наукові та медичні спільноти світу згуртовані задля долучення українців до передових науково-технічних досягнень і радо співпрацюють з редакцією часопису Медичні науки. Географія наших авторів нині охоплює 27 країн світу. Дякуємо кожному з них, а передусім – авторам з України, що вони у надскладних умовах не тільки рятують життя людей, а й досліджують, лікують, випрацьовують і впроваджують на практиці набуті знання і досягнення, обираючи Медичні науки для оприлюднення своїх здобутків. Це свідчення того, що спільними зусиллями ми зможемо і далі розвивати наше видання.

We have entered the final year of the first quarter of the 21st century, which will be eternally marked by the catastrophic challenges linked to numerous global military conflicts and the COVID-19 pandemic. The medical effects of a full-scale war in Ukraine highlight the need for global awareness of the magnitude of the current issues [1, 2]. Discussing the medical and social aspects of these issues and their solutions became a priority topic in the Proceedings of the Shevchenko Scientific Society. Medical Sciences (Medical Sciences) from 2021 to 2024. I will share the outcomes of our work during this period and why it is crucial to consider today what our journal will look like in 2026.
The editorial team of the Medical Sciences journal combines experience shaped by time-tested traditions, contemporary knowledge, innovations, and the passion of scientists and doctors. The newest groundbreaking technological solutions and the open-access format enable the immediate publication of Medical Sciences’ content on online scientific information platforms. Using the Scopus and CrossRef indexing tools, each publication swiftly transitions from one web page to another, aiding in its fast dissemination across the global scientific map [3]. Scientometric tools like CiteScore metrics, SCImago Journal Rank (SJR), and Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) clearly show that the worldwide readership of Medical Sciences has doubled since 2019. Furthermore, forward-thinking scientific and medical communities worldwide are coming together to assist Ukrainians in making cutting-edge scientific and technological advancements. They are pleased to collaborate with the editorial team of the Medical Sciences. Our authors today span 25 countries worldwide. We express our gratitude to all our authors, especially those from Ukraine, who, under the most challenging circumstances, save lives, conduct research, provide treatment, develop and apply their knowledge and accomplishments in daily practice, and select Medical Sciences to share their achievements. This indicates that we can develop our journal through collaborative efforts.

ABSTRACT
Aim: The patterns of qualitative and quantitative changes in the microvascular network in the skin of adult male white rats under of nalbuphine administration.
Materials and Methods: The research employed methods such as vascular bed injection, skin section clearing, and microscopic imaging using an MBI-1 microscope.
Morphometric analysis of the microcirculation vessels was conducted, and statistical processing of the results was performed using specialized software.
Results: The nalbuphine significantly impacted the morphological state of the white rat’s skin after two weeks of administration, with the initial changes
occurring in the blood vessel plexuses. In the injected skin samples, both arterioles and capillaries were dilated, with the diameter of the subpapillary arteriolar
network significantly increasing to 28.62±1.07 μm (control – 22.24±0.73 μm), and the diameter of intrapapillary capillary loops expanding to 6.20±0.11
μm (control – 5.91±0.26 μm). Arterioles exhibited tortuosity. After four weeks, the loops of the vascular plexus lost their delicate, lace-like structure, with
microaneurysms in arterioles and sacculations in venules becoming evident. After six weeks of opioid exposure, significant structural alterations were observed
in the blood vessels of the skin. Capillaries became obliterated, with some destroyed, and this process was accompanied by hemorrhages. The density
of intrapapillary capillary loops decreased significantly to 59.0±2.0 (control – 79.60±2.078), while the trophic activity index increased to 39.490±1.307 μm
(control – 27.172±1.143 μm),
Conclusions: Morphometric analysis of the morphological state of the vascular plexuses in the skin clearly illustrates the relationship between quantitative
and qualitative changes in the structural organization of the microcirculation network under opioid exposure.
KEY WORDS: skin, vessels, morphometry, opioid