Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) remains the most often cause of projectile non-bilious vomiting in infants during first month of life. IHPS typically manifests between 2 and 6 weeks of age where the pyloric channel became narrowing, resulting in gastric outlet obstruction [1, 2]. The exact etiology of IHPS remains unknown. The failure of pyloric muscle relaxation has been attributed to inadequate innervation, defect of nitric oxide metabolism [3], hyperacidity in the stomach [4], and various environmental and genetics factors [5, 6] have been implicated as risk factors for IHPS occurrence. Despite the identification of these factors, conservative therapies to reverse the muscle hypertrophy have still not been established in most European clinics and if implemented have shown poor outcomes, leaving surgical management as the only option to alleviate this pathology. The medical management is usually reserved for patients who are deemed unfit to undergo general anesthesia due to severe medical co-morbidities [1]. Extramucosal pyloromyotomy for the treatment of pyloric stenosis was first described by Ramstedt in 1912 and during many years this method remains the «gold standard» of the treatment [7]. The open approach is effective at providing excellent exposure of the pylorus but results in an abdominal scar that grows with the patient and may becomes quite significant with time. In 1991, Alain et al. described the laparoscopic approach [8] and this surgical modality gradually accepted by pediatric surgeons [2, 9]. There are still contradictory results in the literature with regard to the benefits and disadvantages of laparoscopic compared to the open procedure to treat infants with IHPS. Some authors claimed that laparoscopic pyloromyotomy associated by a shorter hospital stay, shorter postoperative recovery, and less postoperative pain [10-12], however these advantages were not confirmed [9, 13, 14]. Besides that, some authors have questioned the safety of laparoscopy because of increased frequency of surgical complications compared with open pyloromyotomy [15, 16].

Meckel diverticulum (MD) is one of the most common congenital anomalies of the small intestine [1]. MD results from an incomplete obliteration of the vitelline (omphalomesenteric) duct, which connects the midgut to the yolk sac in the fetus, usually between the fifth and sixth weeks of gestation as the bowel settles into normal anatomical position [2]. Some authors characterized MD by the rule of “twos”: frequency of 2%, 2 times more predominate in males, diagnosed most in children below of 2 years old, located within 2 feet (60 cm) of the ileocecal valve, commonly 2 cm in diam[1]eter, 2 inch (5 cm) of length, and may content of 2 types of ectopic mucosa (gastric and pancreatic) [3-6]. Being in most cases remains asymptomatic [6-8], but in some cases, MD may provoke life-threating complications, such as intestinal obstruction, intestinal bleeding, intraabdominal infection, and umbilical anomalies [4, 5, 9]. The lifetime risk for an MD[1]related complication varies from 4% to 34% [10, 11], and this risk decreases with age [12]. The clear preoperative diagnosis of MD in patients with acute abdominal pain or signs of intestinal obstruction is challenging, despite the availability of modern imaging. Due to that, the lot cases of MD diagnosed intraoperatively [13, 14]. Symptomatic MD always required its removing [7, 15], whereas in cases of incidentally discovered MD there is controversy regarding surgical resection [11, 16, 17]. Traditionally operative management of MD involves laparotomy with diverticulectomy with or without small bowel resection [15, 18]. With the advent of laparoscopic surgery, the intracorporeal diverticulectomy with the laparoscopic stappling devices or laparoscopic-assisted excision, is becoming increasingly popular [19, 20]. However, questions about what type of surgery should be chosen in children with the different types of MD still under debate. The aim of this study was summarized own experience in the management of MD in children.

 Opioid analgesics due to their strong analgesic effect are widely used in modern medical practice [7]. It is important, that the duration of opioid analgesic use should be as short as possible to avoid mental and physical addiction, as well as the development of drug tolerance and the risk of overdose. [5,7]. According to the professional medical literature, long-term use of opioids leads to evidential changes in the organism [12], where the pathology of the oral cavity, paradental tissues occupy a leading place in individuals, who abuse with narcotic substances [3]. Dental status in drug addicted people is overloaded by numerous pathological conditions of the tissues of the tooth and mucous membranes of the oral cavity, what complicates the differential diagnosis and treatment [3,4,15]. In addition, despite the improvement in dental health indexes in many countries, the prevalence of paradentitis remains extremely high, there is no standard treatment regimen today [2,14]. Taking into account the fact that the problem of drug addiction is constantly growing, in dentistry, data on the condition of the oral cavity organs, the structural components of the paradentium under the influence of opioid agents, both in clinical and morphological aspects, are extremely necessary. [13]. In this regard, the introduction of etiopathogenetic treatment of paradental diseases of various origins, including drug addiction is an urgent problem of today [3,4,6,8-10]. Paying attention that the issues of pathomorphogenesis and adequate treatment of dystrophic and inflammatory processes that develop in the paradentium under the action of opioid agents are still relevant, there is originated a necessity to develop in experiment an optimal scheme of pathogenetic complex treatment in such conditions.The aim of the research is to study the features of microscopic reorganization of paradental tissues under six weeks of exposure to the opioid analgesic nalbuphine, its four-week withdrawal and medicinal correction using pentoxifylline and ceftriaxone in the experiment.

Gestation and the neonatal period are crucial periods in infant development. Many components of breast milk, including fatty acids, play an important role in strengthening the immune system. The aim of our research was to evaluate the fatty acid profiles of milk from 69 mothers, including subjects having a normal weight, obesity, or gestational diabetes. For the analyses, we used gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detection (FID) and GC coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The main fatty acids found in breast milk were palmitic acid (C16:0; 26–28%), linoleic acid (C18:2; 23–28%), and α-linolenic acid linoleic acid (C18:3; 15–17%), followed by myristic acid (C14:0; 5–8%), lauric acid (C12:0; 4–6%) and stearic acid (C18:0; 4–5%). The average breakdown of fatty acids was 50% saturated, 44% polyunsaturated, and 6% monounsaturated. Breast milk samples were classified using principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis. Results showed that milk from the two major groups of obese and normal body mass index (BMI) could be distinguished with an accuracy of 89.66%. Breast milk samples of Hungarian and Ukrainian mothers showed significant differences based on the fatty acid composition, which variations are attributable to the mothers’ dietary habits.

Nowadays, newborns that required prolonged respiratory maintenance for different reasons are more often surviving. Increase in the number of complications is observed on the background of positive clinical effects of certain component of intensive therapy. Search for the factors, which provoke appearance of recurrent bronchial obstruction syndrome, is an important component and basis of prophylaxis.

The aim of our research was to conduct analysis of factors that provoke the development of recurrent bronchial obstruction syndrome.

To build mathematical model of bronchial obstruction development in young children with respiratory disorders in neonatal period,, the method of logistic regression was used

The results of conducted analysis enabled to detect that the presence of respiratory therapy significantly determines the risk of appearance of recurrent bronchial obstruction syndrome and suggest mathematical model of individual calculation of risk factors in this pathology. Data of conduction of mathematical analysis can be used for elaboration of a complex of rehabilitation measures concerning the development of recurrent bronchial obstruction syndrome in children, who suffered respiratory disorders in neonatal period. The highest risk of recurrent bronchial obstruction syndrome development in children born before 29 gestational week with simultaneous combination of prolonged (over 700 hours) total period of respiratory therapy.

Elaborated method of individual calculation of the risk of recurrent bronchial obstruction syndrome development in young children, who experienced respiratory disorders in neonatal period, has practical significance and can be applied in everyday clinical practice.