Aim: To investigate changes in oxidative stress indicators in rats under conditions of long-term ethanol exposure.
Materials and Methods: We studied the effect of prolonged exposure to ethanol on the activity of free radical processes in the gonads of rats of both sexes. Experimental animals were divided into 2 groups: Group I (control group) rats, which were injected with distilled water orally for 28 days; II group – which for 28 days were injected intragastrically with a 30% ethanol solution at the rate of 2ml/100g of body weight once a day.
Results: The conducted experimental studies showed that the level of free radicals increases in animals that were injected with ethanol for 28 days, as indicated by an increase in the ROS index by 1.6 times in males and 1.7 times in females. Lipid peroxidation processes are also activated, as evidenced by an increase in the level of initial products of the lipoperoxidation chain – HPL by 54.6%, intermediate products – TBP by 57.9% and final products – SHO – by 80.3% in males and by 68.2%, respectively , 80.9% and 84.6% in females. Along with this, the activity of oxidative modification of proteins in the organs of the reproductive system of the experimental group of animals also increased. In particular, the level of OMР370 in the testes of male rats increased by 89.1%, and OMР430 increased by 56.4% from the level of animals that were not given ethanol. In the ovaries of female rats, the level of OMР370 increased by 112.%, and OMР430 increased by 60.7% from the level of animals without simulating ethanol intoxication. Therefore, we were able to establish significant changes and disturbances in the processes of free radical oxidation in the organs of the reproductive system of animals under the toxic effect of ethanol, which can negatively affect the reproductive function and quality of offspring in animals that were simulated ethanol intoxication.
Conclusions: In animals of both sexes, under the conditions of chronic ethanol exposure, there is an increase in free radical oxidation indicators, namely ROS, lipid peroxidation, oxidative modification of proteins, and the growth indicators in females are more significant than in males. This indicates a negative effect of chronic ethanol intoxication on the state of the membrane structures of germ cells, with DNA damage, which can lead to a violation of the function of the genital organs.
UDC 612.822:616.831-092.18
This review presents an analysis and synthesis of the world literature, forming an up-to-date vision of the func- tional system of utilisation of end metabolites from the central nervous system, discussing impaired brain clearance in some neurodegenerative nosologies, as well as in strokes and traumatic brain injury. The central nervous system, lacking a classically conventional lymphatic system, requires alternative systems to clear the brain of potentially toxic cellular metabolic products. Over the past decade, world scientific sources have highlighted a new system of views, or the concept of the so-called glymphatic system, which makes it possible to drain the brain from extracel- lular harmful substances dissolved in the interstitium. Water channels such as aquaporin-4 (AQP4) are an important system component associated with neuropathologies such as Alzheimer's. The clearance of amyloid β (Aβ) and tau (tau) proteins associated with Alzheimer's disease, for example, is reduced due to the impaired function of the glym- phatic system in the absence of AQP. The detected changes in AQP4 expression associated with certain pathologies make it possible to predict that this water channel could be a potentially interesting pharmacological target. Recent studies in this context have also shown that biomarkers of traumatic brain injury are eliminated from the brain through the glymphatic system. The degree of suppression of glymphatic function under these conditions may affect the likely prognosis after traumatic brain injury. The obtained results predict the clinical value of pharmacological manipulations of the glymphatic system after acute traumatic brain injury. It has also been shown that with ageing, the processes of glymphatic drainage in the CNS decrease, which can contribute to the accumulation of misfolded and hyperphosphorylated proteins and thus make the brain susceptible to the development of neurodegenerative pathology. According to the experimental evidence presented in modern scientific sources, the concept of "acute or chronic glymphatic insufficiency" should be distinguished, and the issue of finding criteria for their correct as- sessment should be updated. It is known that the number of vasteosomes or starchy bodies can be considered a marker of chronic glymphatic insufficiency. According to the researchers, this knowledge will facilitate the study of glymphatic insufficiency and allow us to understand which moderating variables will critically impact the function- ing or failure of this system. Moreover, the fact that they are markers of chronic glymphatic insufficiency gives them promising clinical significance.
Global demand for crude oil has grown signi- ficantly over the past two decades. However, conventional light crude oil production is declining, and more and more deposits of heavy and waxy oil, including high waxy ones, are being developed, creating new technological challenges at every level of the process, from production to trans- portation and refining. Among the various problems, the main one is wax deposition. Since the costs of maintenance, repair, and achieving the required low-temperature properties of commercial oil products are very high, solving this problem becomes critical. The paper discusses the existing problems of production, transportation, and refining of waxy crude oil and analyzes the methods of their solution.
УДК: 612.822:616.831-092.18
This review aims to summarize the world's scientific sources that highlight the current vision of the role of the brain glymphatic system in the utilisation of end metabolites from the central nervous system. It has been reported that protein clots or aggregates that are produced in brain cells and, importantly, failure of their elimination can cause cognitive problems in neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's dis- ease, as well as the other neurodegenerative diseases, the aging process can be reproduced in experimental models by overproducing these conglomerates.Current investigations are focused as well on clarifying changes in brain glymphatic drainage in the condition of traumatic brain injury. Modern research has shown that acute brain injury, including traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, or stroke, dramatically alters glymphatic function. It is evident that aging is a critical risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. It has also been experimentally proven that glymphatic activity decreases with aging. Accordingly, this can lead to the accumulation of misfolded and hyperphosphorylated proteins, and thus the brain becomes vulnerable to the development of neurodegenerative pathology. Comprehensive analysis of the causes and mechanisms of glymphatic system dysfunction will help to predict and develop methods for diagnosing and treating serious neurodegenerative diseases and traumatic brain injuries.
УДК 616.314 - 085. 454. 1 - 085. 243. 3 : 547. 56 ] : 615.281 ] - 089. 23
Summary. It is important to solve the problem of complex treatment and prevention of periodontal diseases in orthodontic patients by developing new drugs that have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant effects and are included in effective treatment regimens. Orthodontic treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances contributes to a significant decrease in the level of individual oral hygiene against the background of oxidative stress. Therefore, the aggressiveness of periodontal pathogenic microflora increases, which contributes to the deepening of the inflammatory process in the tissues of the periodontal complex.
The aim of the study – to determine the antimicrobial activity of the developed periodontal gel composition based on flavonoid complex and benzidamine hydrochloride against microorganisms isolated from periodontal pockets of orthodontic patients with dystrophic-inflammatory diseases of periodontal tissues.
Materials and Methods. The efficacy of antimicrobial preservatives of the patented gel composition “Benzidaflaziverdine” (GCB) and the comparison drug “Cholisal” was evaluated according to the recommendations given in the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine (SPU). GCB samples were inoculated with suspensions of daily cultures of reference strains of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans and Aspergillus so that the final concentration of colony forming units (CFU) was 105-106 per ml. Isolates obtained from the oral cavity and periodontal pockets of orthodontic patients (S. aureus, S. pyogenes, S. mutans, E. faecalis, Rothia sp, bacteria of the Actinomycetaceae family, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans) were also used. Samples were taken after 2, 7, 14 and 28 days and the concentration of
CFU of microorganisms was determined. Two methods were used to determine the antimicrobial activity: the standard “well” method regulated by the SPU, as well as a modification of the suspension method for determining the specific activity of disinfectants and other antimicrobial substances and compounds. To assess the reduction in the concentration of microorganisms, the decimal logarithm of the reduction in CFU inthe samples (Log10 rate of reduction) was calculated.
Results and Discussion. The results of using a modification of the suspension method, the peculiarity of which was to dilute equal proportions of GCB with a bacterial suspension, showed a wellpronounced antibacterial activity of GCB. At the same time, the activity of GCB against methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolate did not differ from that against sensitive isolates. The activity of GCB can be characterized as species-specific; the effect on individual isolates of the same species differed slightly. GCB activity was high against streptococci, Rothia sp. and pseudomonas (P. aeruginosa). For S. aureus, S. pyogenes and C. albicans, the dynamics of the decrease in CFU during exposure to GCB for 40 minutes was determined. It was found that the maximum Lоg10 rate of reduction of CFU of staphylococcus aureus and pyogenic streptococcus occurred in the first 10-15 minutes of incubation. Thus, analyzing the results obtained, we found no statistically significant differences between the absolute values of Lоg10 CFU reduction for GCB and the comparison drug “Cholisal”.
Conclusions. The developed GCB in terms of its antimicrobial properties fully meets the requirements of the SPU in terms of the indicator “antimicrobial activity of preservatives”. The probable synergism of a low dose of nipagine introduced into the composition and the antimicrobial properties of benzidamine hydrochloride, which is in optimal ratio with Proteflazid® (flavonoid complex), provided high antimicrobial properties of the developed drug, which can be recommended as a periodontal dressing for the treatment of periodontal tissue diseases in orthodontic patients in preparation for the active period of orthodontic treatment, and in cases of stopped remission at different periods of bracket systems use.