Early use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is equal to the prophylactic administration of a surfactant to prevent neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (nRDS) in high-risk infants. However, almost half of the smallest infants still require intubation and mechanical ventilation in the first 72 hours after birth. It is known that ineffective initial CPAP is associated with a poorer prognosis. Therefore, the search for reliable prognostic risk factors for ineffective CPAP in very preterm neonates whose respiratory support is started with CPAP is still relevant today. The results of a retrospective cohort study conducted at the Lviv Regional Clinical Hospital (Ukraine), which included 151 children with birth weight <1500 g and gestational age <32 weeks, showed that CPAP failure occurred at a median age of five hours in 31% of infants initially treated with CPAP and average (SD) FiO2, while the failure point was 0.48 (0.15). The prevalence of the main risk factors for severe nRDS did not differ significantly between two groups (CPAP success and CPAP failure). The risk of CPAP failure was significantly associated with surfactant treatment (OR – 7.46; 95% CI: 2.3–24.2), severe RDS (OR – 12.17; 95% CI: 3.8–39.3), requirement in resuscitation after birth (OR – 3.10; 95% CI: 1.2– 8.1), initial CPAP pressure (OR – 0.38; 95% CI: 0.15–0.99). Earlier administration of exogenous surfactant to children at high risk of developing severe RDS could prevent the need for mechanical ventilation.

Adverse reproductive outcome before term is a polyetiological pathology associated with demographic crisis. Some adverse outcomes include perinatal and neonatal infant mortality, major morbidity and mortality of children under two years, violation of psychomotor and physical development, cognitive disturbances and disability of children under age five. Finding ways to solve these issues remain a priority. The research involved two female groups. The experimental group included 403 women after the involuntary termination of pregnancy, premature birth or in case of threat of miscarriage; the control group included 402 women with physiological course of pregnancy and parturient with full-term pregnancy. The study required the application of systemic approaches and methods including structural, logical, medical and statistical analyses. The survey revealed more than 20 infectious risk factors and more than 70 factors of extragenital origin. The most significant infectious pathologies included COVID-19 (36.23 ± 2.29% and 14.93 ± 1.78%), herpes type 1 (5.96 ± 1.18% and 1.0 ± 0.50%), toxoplasmosis (4.22 ± 1.0% and 1.0 ± 0.50%) and chlamydial infection (4.22 ± 1.0% 0.50 ± 0.35%) in the experimental and control groups, respectively (P < 0.01). The most significant extragenital pathologies involved autoimmune thyroiditis (8.68 ± 1.40% and 0.75 ± 0.43%), type 1
diabetes mellitus (2.23 ± 0.74% and 0%) and allergic rhinitis/sinusitis (3.97 ± 0.97% and 0.50 ± 0.35%) in the experimental and control groups, respectively (P < 0.01). Obtained results will be used in the development of a personified risk-oriented model for the prevention of preterm pregnancy loss.