The fight against biological threats has been a key factor in humanity's survival throughout history. Taking into account the latest epidemiological, biotechnological, and geopolitical trends, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of both natural and anthropogenic sources of biological hazards. Special attention is given to zoonotic infections, synthetic biology, biological weapons, bioterrorism, and global environmental factors that influence the epidemiological situation. International risk management strategies are summarized, the legal framework of biosafety is analyzed, and recommendations are proposed for improving systems for the prevention and response to biological threats.