The annual increase in the incidence of diabetes and frequency of its complications determine the urgency of this problem. The most characteristic sighns of diabetes are vascular lesions of arterioles, venules, capillaries (microangiopathy). Changes in microcirculatory system at diabetes mellitus leads to other complications. The pathology of the marginal periodontium in patients with diabetes is, in fact, a local manifestation of diabetes-specific microangiopathy, which causes degenerative changes in periodontal tissues.
The rational nutrition is a constituent part of healthy lifestyle. It plays an important role in prevention of the main dental diseases (dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis and others). The influence of the rational nutrition lies in the teeth formation, resistant to unfavorable factors such as cariogenic action of simple carbohydrates, insufficient amount of necessary microelements and vitamins, etc. At present, there is no major opinion among scientists as to the influence of nutrition on the diseases of teeth and periodontum. Thus, some clinical physicians stick to the theory of dental diseases (periodontitis, in particular), that assigns a role to malnutrition and imbalances, though the previous studies failed to prove this point of view.
The effect of nutrition on the prevalence of caries in students (clinical-statistical investigation)
The influence of food products on the development of dental caries was investigated with the help of statistical methods.
Двостулковий клапан аорти – це вроджена вада серця, поширеність якої складає 0,9-1,37 у загальній популяції, і, можливо, вона є найчастішою серцево-судинною дисплазією. Дана вада втричі частіше зустрічається у чоловіків ніж у жінок [1]. Двостулковий клапан складається з двох стулок (передньоі і задньоі чи правої та лівої), зазвичай неоднакових за розміром, можливо, внаслідок неадекватної продукції фібриліну-1 в період пренатального онтогенезу. Стулки клапана з’єднані двома спайками, які можуть бути частково зрощеними [2]. Безсимптомний перебіг двостулкового клапана аорти впродовж багатьох років істотно підвищує ризик виникнення його ускладнень: аортального стенозу, недостатності аортального клапана, дилатації висхідної аорти, утворення аневризми аорти. Основним методом діагностики даної вади є ехокардіографія, яка може визначити остаточний діагноз у більшості пацієнтів
Abstract. The mechanisms of formation of male infertility are increasingly becoming immune-dependent. Immunological isolation of the testes is provided by the anatomical blood-testis barrier and the special tolerance of the immune system to antigens expressed on male gametes. For a better understanding of the immunopathogenetic mechanisms of infertility, a study of the role of various immune factors is required.
The aim: to study the role of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in blood serum to clarify their role in spermatogenesis.
Materials and Methods: 45 infertile men aged 22-48 were examined. They were divided into 2 groups: first group – 22 men with a systemic autoimmune disease - rheumatoid arthritis; second group – 23 somatically healthy patients
with idiopathic infertility. The control group included 27 fertile healthy men aged 22-48 years. Determination of the
cytokines concentration in blood serum was carried out by the immunoenzymatic method. Student's t-test was used to compare the significant difference in mean values between groups. P < 0.05 was considered significant.
Results. Patients with autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis) had the highest rate of leukocytospermia, indicating a possible long-term inflammatory process. In patients with idiopathic infertility, oligozoospermia was diagnosed in 3 patients (13.04%), oligoasthenozoospermia in 7 patients (30.36%), asthenozoospermia in 8 patients (34.78%) and leucocytospermia in 5 patients (21.82%). In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the concentration of IL-18 (cytokine of the IL-1 family) in the blood serum of infertile men was 1.36 times higher than that of fertile men. The level of IL-6 was 6 times higher, and the concentration of IFN-γ exceeded the norm by more than three times. The level of IL-10 was 9,4 times higher than in control group. Significant changes in the serum cytokine profile were recorded in men with idiopathic infertility. The level of pro-inflammatory cytokines increased statistically significantly: IL-18 – 1.45 times, IL6 – 2.85 times, IFN-γ – 2.65 times. Simultaneously, the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines increased: IL-10 – 3.0 times.
We also analyzed the ratio of serum levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Significant increase in ІL10/TNF-α ratio was recorded in men with idiopathic infertility and infertile men with rheumatoid arthritis. Specifically, in men with idiopathic infertility the ІL-10/TNF-α ratio was 3.3 times higher and in patients with rheumatoid arthritis the ІL-10/TNF-α ratio was 4.1 times higher than in control group. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis the ІL-10/ІFN-γ ratio
was in 3 times higher than in control group. Significant positive correlations were found in healthy fertile men: TGF-β1 – IFN-γ, IL-10 – IL-18 and IL-10 – TNF-α. In men of the control group, the synthesis of IL-18 and TNF-α was balanced by the production of IL-10. The synthesis of IFN-γ was by balanced by the production of TGF-β1.
Conclusions. The development of infertility associated with various accompanying pathologies is related with by changes in both systemic and local immune reactivity. The pro-inflammatory cytokine profile of blood serum and a decrease in the concentration of IL-1β are observed in patients with idiopathic infertility. The largest number of deviations of immune reactivity was found in infertile men with concomitant autoimmune diseases