According to the data of modern medical literature, bone tissue is negatively affected by various factors, both external and internal. Trauma, concomitant diseases accompanied by mineral metabolism disorders, chronic intoxications, long-term and uncontrolled use of medications, especially narcotic analgesics, can lead to disturbances in the mineral composition of bone tissue and affect its ability to regenerate. The aim of our study was to establish the dynamics of the mineral composition of the bone tissue of the lower jaw after inflicting a bonedestructive trauma to animals without background pathology, on the background of long-term use of nalbuphine and after treatment with lincomycin. Object and research methods. Research material: 25 sexually mature male rats, weighing 180-200 g, at the age of 3.5 months. Modeling of the injury was carried out by breaking the integrity of the bone tissue of the lower jaw in the area of molars with the help of a drill. Opioid dependence was modeled by daily administration of the narcotic analgesic Nalbuphine. The method of atomic absorption spectral analysis (AACA) was used to determine the mineral composition. The results. The mineral composition of bone tissue at different stages of the experiment had pronounced dynamics in different groups of animals, characteristic to each of the studied elements. Conclusions. After the application of a bone-destructive trauma, the mineral composition of bone tissue during three weeks has pronounced dynamics, different for each of the eight studied mineral elements. The dynamics of the studied mineral elements during the three weeks of post-traumatic period in animals without background pathology, on the background of long-term use of Nalbuphine and in animals treated with lincomycin, is different.

616.15-07:616.833.15-009.7:617.51

 Як свідчать дані фахової літератури, визначення нейрон-специфічної енолази (НСЕ) в лікворі та/або сироватці крові дає змогу оцінити ступінь механічного та/або ішемічного пошкодження нейронів. Враховуючи вище зазначене, ми поставили за мету встановити діагностичну інформативність дослідження вмісту НСЕ у крові як маркера ушкодження периферичних гілок трійчастого нерва у хірургічних хворих із поєднаною травмою середньої зони обличчя. У клінічні спостереження було задіяно 50 хворих із поєднаною травмою середньої зони обличчя – легкою черепномозковою травмою (ЧМТ) – струсом чи легким забоєм головного мозку й множинними переломами вилицевих кісток та дуг, які супроводжувались травматичною нейропатією другої гілки трійчастого нерва (підочноямкового, виличного) різного ступеня тяжкості. Пацієнти були поділені на дві клінічні групи. Першу клінічну групу склав 31 хворий із струсом головного мозку, серед них у 14 пацієнтів діагностовано легку нейропатію (невропраксію) підочноямкового й виличного нервів, а у 17 – нейропатію цих нервів середнього ступеня  тяжкості (аксонотмезис). У другу клінічну групу увійшло 19 хворих із легким забоєм головного мозку. В них були наявні клініко- функціональні ознаки нейропатії гілок верхньощелепного нерва середнього ступеня тяжкості. Ступінь ушкодження нервів та редукцію клініко-функціональної симптоматики нейропатії виявляли інструментально шляхом електроодонтометрії ікла верхньої щелепи та вимірювання електропотенціалів шкіри обличчя на стороні ушкодження виличної кістки, у сироватці крові визначали вміст НСЕ. Дослідження проводили під час госпіталізації хворих, на 7-у та 14-у доби післяопераційного періоду. Встановлено, що визначення НСЕ у крові хірургічних хворих при травматичній нейропатії трійчастого нерва має діагностичну інформативність (діагностичну чутливість та специфічність) при середньому ступені ушкодження, коли надмірно зростає концентрація цього нейронального фермента. Легка черепно-мозкова травма (струс головного мозку) не впливає на ці показники. На тлі клінічної маніфестації легкого забою головного мозку та при його неврологічних ускладненнях (арахноїдиті) зменшується специфічність, діагностична ефективність та прогностична значущість дослідження НСЕ як "чутливого" маркера оцінки характеру ушкодження периферичних гілок трійчастого нерва. 

A large number of external toxic factors contribute to the occurrence of a violation in hematological and biochemical status of the body. It is known that free radical oxidation plays an important role in maintaining the transport of electrons in the respiratory chain, inducing the formation of pores in the mitochondrial membrane, which regulate the coupling of respiration with oxidative phosphorylation and is the basis of oxidative processes in mitochondria. Oxidative processes involving activated oxygen metabolites are an integral part of the existence of higher forms of living organisms. It has been established that under extreme influences in the body, redox processes are activated, which lead to the formation of lipo – and hydroperoxides, the further decomposition of which contributes to the formation of endogenous oxygen, necessary for life. Superoxide is one of the main pro-oxidants in the cell, so superoxide dismutase plays a key role in the body’s antioxidant defense. The function of catalase consists in the destruction of toxic hydrogen peroxide, which is formed in the process of various oxidative reactions in the body. These processes directly affect the indicators of coagulation hemostasis and the degree of blood oxygenation, triggering a cascade of biochemical and hematological changes that affect the development of pathomorphological changes in the links of the hemomicrocirculatory channel and contribute to the violation of normal hemodynamic indicators. The purpose of the study is to establish indicators of coagulation hemostasis and the degree of blood oxygenation in the early stages of opioid exposure during its withdrawal with subsequent correction. When conducting our research, we used 78 white sexually mature outbred male rats, weighing 160-200 grams, which were injected intramuscularly with the drug «Nalbuphine» for 42 days. The number of platelets, prothrombin time, prothrombin index, recalcification time, total fibrinogen, hemoglobin and hematocrit value were determined in the blood of experimental animals at different times of opioid exposure. The obtained data were tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The non-parametric Kruskel-Wallis H test for three or more independent groups was used to determine the significance of the difference between groups, followed by post hoc analysis using Dunn’s test. R v 4.0.3 and RStudio v 1.2.5042 software were used to perform statistical calculations. During the sixth week, the changes in the correction subgroup «cancellation + pentoxifylline» – the values of the indicators were as close as possible to the values of the corresponding indicators of the control group

The issue of a detailed study of the morphological features of the uterus of a female white rat, which is normally bicornuate, is quite relevant given the possibility of using it as a model of the corresponding anomaly in humans.The purpose of the work is to study the morphological and topographic features of the uterus of a female white rat. Object and methods of research. The macro anatomy and syntopy of the uterus of 8 female white rats weighing 200-230 g aged 4.5-5 months were studied. The preparation of the abdominal cavity, followed by the study of syntopy and holotopy of the uterus was carried out. Further, the uterus was removed and its morphological features were studied, the measurements were performed using a caliper and weighing on electronic scales. Results. The female uterus is found to consist of two spurs that unite to form a common cervix in the pelvic cavity, and the spurs rise into the abdomen and their tops, along with the ovaries and twisted fallopian tubes, adjoin the lower poles of the kidneys. There is an asymmetry of uterine spurs: the right spur is 0.2 cm longer than the left one on average, but the outer diameter of the left spur exceeds the same size of the right one on average by 1 mm. The weight of the uterus averages 0.88 g, which is 0.38% of the total weight of the rat. Conclusions. Morphologically, the uterus of a female rat has significant similarities to such an anomaly as a bicornuate uterus in humans. There are some differences: the spurs of the rat uterus are considerable in length and extend beyond the pelvic cavity, while the uterus of a non pregnant woman lies only in the pelvic cavity. The ratio of uterine weight to the body weight of the female rat is 4.6 times higher than the same ratio in humans.

The mechanisms of formation of male infertility are increasingly becoming immune dependent. This study aims to study the role of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in seminal fluid to clarify their role in spermatogenesis. This research is carried out at rheumatology and urology departments of Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University (Ukraine). 45 infertile men aged 22–48 were examined. They were divided into 2 groups: first group – 22 men with a systemic autoimmune disease – rheumatoid arthritis; second group – 23 somatically healthy patients with idiopathic infertility. The control group included 27 fertile healthy men aged 22–48 years. Student's t-test was used to compare the significant difference in mean values between groups. Patients with autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis) had the highest rate of leukocytospermia, indicating a possible long-term inflammatory process. The TGF-β1 level was higher in men with idiopathic infertility, and in patients with autoimmune pathology was reduced compared to the control group, however these changes were not significant. At the same time in patient of both group the level a pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-18 increased approximately by 2.5 times.
In patients with idiopathic infertility and patients with autoimmune pathology, a simultaneous increase in the IFN-γ level and a decrease in the IL-1β level were found. The ІL-6 level in seminal plasma of infertile men of both groups was increased. The ratio IL-10/TNF-α was decreased in seminal plasma of infertile men with rheumatoid arthritis. It was found that in autoimmune pathology, the increased level of IL-1β in blood serum compared to controls was associated with its reduced level in seminal fluid (r=-0.51, p<0.05). In idiopathic infertility, a low level of IL-1β in seminal fluid was also associated with a low concentration of this cytokine in blood serum (r=0.62, p<0.05). The functioning of the immune and reproductive systems of the male body is closely related and interdependent. Disorders of immune reactivity, which accompany the development of autoimmune pathology associated with disorders of reproductive function in men. The largest number of deviations of immune reactivity was found in infertile men with concomitant autoimmune diseases.