An alcohol hangover is a complex set of adverse symptoms that occur after excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages. Hangovers are not solely caused by ethanol, but mainly by its toxic metabolites, such as acetaldehyde and acetic acid. Most of the negative symptoms occur when the concentration of alcohol in the blood decreases after drinking. Given that a large percentage of people consume alcohol and experience negative effects from its consumption, potential supplementation to help eliminate these adverse effects has been proposed. One promising ingredient is ginseng, which has been used in Eastern culture and traditional Chinese medicine for over 2,000 years. The aim of this study was to present the potential of Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. as an aid for the adverse effects of alcohol consumption and its protective effect on liver function. The literature analysis was based on data indexed in the medical databases PubMed, Scopus, and Medline since 2010, using keywords such as Panax ginseng, hangover, alcohol consumption, and metabolism, connected by the logical conjunction and. The analysis confirmed the effectiveness of P. ginseng in the treatment and prevention of hangovers. Preparations containing P. ginseng can support ethanol metabolism by inducing enzymes such as alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and the cytochrome P450 isoform 2E1 system. An additional advantage of using P. ginseng may be its hepatoprotective effects

УДК 615.45:615.012/.014

Метою роботи є розроблення технологічних інструкцій на екстемпоральне виготовлення розчинів калію йодиду для проведення йодної профілактики радіаційних уражень у дорослих і дітей у разі радіаційних ава-рій. Застосування йодної профілактики спрямоване на попередження поглинання радіоактивних ізотопів йоду щитоподібною залозою. Аналіз асортименту лікарських засобів, які містять калію йодид, показав відсутність на українському фармацевтичному ринку препаратів калію йодиду для захисту новонароджених та дітей до трьох років від радіаційних уражень щитовидної залози. Зареєстровані препарати калію йодиду призначені для лікування захворювань щитовидної залози та профілактики йодного дефіциту і містять дозу стабільно-го йоду 100–200 мкг, що є недостатнім для профілактики радіаційних уражень, оскільки рекомендована доза калію йодиду для профілактики радіаційного ураження і доза калію йодиду для профілактичного застосування при екологічній недостатності мікроелемента відрізняються у 500–1000 разів. Тому у разі виникнення масш-табних радіаційних аварій на ядерних об’єктах України в результаті бойових дій військ агресора актуальним є екстемпоральне виготовлення розчинів калію йодиду. Розчини калію йодиду мають низку переваг перед інши-ми лікарськими формами, зокрема зручність використання, рівномірність і швидкість всмоктування лікарських речовин, точність дозування тощо. Оскільки у разі виникнення радіаційних аварій необхідне серійне виготовлен-ня розчинів калію йодиду як внутрішньоаптечних заготовок, у результаті досліджень розроблено технологічні інструкції для виготовлення розчину калію йодиду 0,65% і розчину калію йодиду 0,32% стерильного в умовах аптек відповідно до вимог сучасних нормативних документів.

Abstract:  
Objective: Toothache, often caused by tooth decay, cracks, or sensitivity to temperature, is one of the most distressing types of pain. Medicinal plants have long been used in traditional medicine and ethnobotanical knowledge for treating toothache. This study aims to identify medicinal plants used in Iranian ethnobotanical practices to alleviate toothache.
Methodology: In this review, articles were searched using keywords such as medicinal plants, Iran, tooth, toothache, and ethnobotany. Databases including Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, PubMed, and Scopus were utilized for the search. Relevant ethnobotanical articles were reviewed for this study.
Results: Medicinal herbs such as Origanum vulgare, Papaver somniferum, Mentha aquatica L., Mentha spicata L., Ferula persica Willd, Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Perovskia abrotanoides Kar., Dianthus caryophyllus, Viola odorata, Astragalus verus, Zingiber officinale, Allium sativum, Thymus danensis are identified as some of the most effective plants against toothache in traditional medicine.
Conclusion: Iran's diverse herbal flora and rich ethnobotanical knowledge offer valuable insights and resources for the treatment of toothache. The findings of this study highlight the importance of incorporating this traditional knowledge into pharmacological research to develop effective anti-toothache.

Satureja montana L. is widely used in traditional medicine and cooking. New varieties of this species are created and grown for different purposes. Essential oil (EsO) samples were obtained from the fresh flowering shoots of four new Ukrainian cultivars of S. montana: 'Krymski smaragd', 'Lunata', '697-1', and 'N3-18'. The EsO of cultivars 'Lunata' and 'Krymski smaragd' were studied in two following harvest years (2019 and 2020). The EsO samples were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). More than 60 components were identified in the studied EsO. Carvacrol was the principal component of all the samples (58.3-87.0% as GC-MS relative abundances). p-Cymene was the second predominant component (5.0-8.8%) in the EsO of all the cultivars collected in the year 2020, while cultivars 'Lunata' and 'Krymski smaragd' gathered in 2019 contained it in much fewer amounts (1.7% and 0.5%, respectively). The third main component in the EsO of the most studied varieties was γ-terpinene (0.9% to 6.6%). Only cultivar 'N697-1' contained carvacrol methyl ether at a significant level (11.7%). All the tested samples met the requirements of International Standard Organization (ISO) 79284:1991(E), supposing that the qualitative composition of the S. montana EsO should comprise the following main constituents: γ-terpinene, p-cymene, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, and carvacrol. It can be concluded that we dealt with the carvacrol chemotypes of S. montana. It was also revealed that growth year influenced the EsO composition of 'Krymski smaragd' and 'Lunata' cultivars. Our results allowed to compare the EsO of the S. montana new cultivars.

Glutathione (GSH) has been the focus of increased scientific interest in the last decades. It plays a crucial role in all major physiological processes by supplying antioxidant defenses through participating in cellular redox reactions in the human body and other living organisms. GSH also participates in detoxifying xenobiotics, protecting protein thiols from crosslinking and oxidation, regulating the cell cycle, storing cysteine, etc. The significant role of GSH in the most important physiological processes has been highlighted, such as maintaining the redox balance and reducing oxidative stress due to its ability to inactivate the reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species. It can also enhance metabolic detoxification and regulate the function of the immune system. All of these characteristics make it a universal biomarker since its proper balance is essential for improving health and treating some age-related disorders. This review presents a current concept of the synthesis and metabolism of GSH; its main functions in a living organism, and as a precursor and cofactor; data on the use of GSH for medicinal purposes in the prevention and treatment of some diseases, as well as a nutritional strategy to maintain a normal pool of GSH in the body. The data were gathered by searching relevant information in multiple databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar.