УДК 616.314 - 085. 454. 1 - 085. 243. 3 : 547. 56 ] : 615.281 ] - 089. 23

Summary. It is important to solve the problem of complex treatment and prevention of periodontal diseases in orthodontic patients by developing new drugs that have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant effects and are included in effective treatment regimens. Orthodontic treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances contributes to a significant decrease in the level of individual oral hygiene against the background of oxidative stress. Therefore, the aggressiveness of periodontal pathogenic microflora increases, which contributes to the deepening of the inflammatory process in the tissues of the periodontal complex.
The aim of the study – to determine the antimicrobial activity of the developed periodontal gel composition based on flavonoid complex and benzidamine hydrochloride against microorganisms isolated from periodontal pockets of orthodontic patients with dystrophic-inflammatory diseases of periodontal tissues.
Materials and Methods. The efficacy of antimicrobial preservatives of the patented gel composition “Benzidaflaziverdine” (GCB) and the comparison drug “Cholisal” was evaluated according to the recommendations given in the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine (SPU). GCB samples were inoculated with suspensions of daily cultures of reference strains of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans and Aspergillus so that the final concentration of colony forming units (CFU) was 105-106 per ml. Isolates obtained from the oral cavity and periodontal pockets of orthodontic patients (S. aureus, S. pyogenes, S. mutans, E. faecalis, Rothia sp, bacteria of the Actinomycetaceae family, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans) were also used. Samples were taken after 2, 7, 14 and 28 days and the concentration of
CFU of microorganisms was determined. Two methods were used to determine the antimicrobial activity: the standard “well” method regulated by the SPU, as well as a modification of the suspension method for determining the specific activity of disinfectants and other antimicrobial substances and compounds. To assess the reduction in the concentration of microorganisms, the decimal logarithm of the reduction in CFU inthe  samples (Log10 rate of reduction) was calculated.
Results and Discussion. The results of using a modification of the suspension method, the peculiarity of which was to dilute equal proportions of GCB with a bacterial suspension, showed a wellpronounced antibacterial activity of GCB. At the same time, the activity of GCB against methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolate did not differ from that against sensitive isolates. The activity of GCB can be characterized as species-specific; the effect on individual isolates of the same species differed slightly. GCB activity was high against streptococci, Rothia sp. and pseudomonas (P. aeruginosa). For S. aureus, S. pyogenes and C. albicans, the dynamics of the decrease in CFU during exposure to GCB for 40 minutes was determined. It was found that the maximum Lоg10 rate of reduction of CFU of staphylococcus aureus and pyogenic streptococcus occurred in the first 10-15 minutes of incubation. Thus, analyzing the results obtained, we found no statistically significant differences between the absolute values of Lоg10 CFU reduction for GCB and the comparison drug “Cholisal”.
Conclusions. The developed GCB in terms of its antimicrobial properties fully meets the requirements of the SPU in terms of the indicator “antimicrobial activity of preservatives”. The probable synergism of a low dose of nipagine introduced into the composition and the antimicrobial properties of benzidamine hydrochloride, which is in optimal ratio with Proteflazid® (flavonoid complex), provided high antimicrobial properties of the developed drug, which can be recommended as a periodontal dressing for the treatment of periodontal tissue diseases in orthodontic patients in preparation for the active period of orthodontic treatment, and in cases of stopped remission at different periods of bracket systems use.

UDC: 616.314.17-008.1-007.17-036.1-076.4

 Dystrophic changes of all periodontal structures and teeth in patients with periodontitis and generalized periodontitis were investigated in the study. Characteristic signs of the gums’ pathological contour, as well as other clinical and radiological features of dystrophy differ in patients with periodontitis and generalized periodontitis and contribute to the improvement of their differential diagnosis. Ultrastructural examination of the patients’ gums with periodontitis revealed disseminated microthrombosis, mucoid edema and fibrinoid transformation of intermediate connective tissue, and coagulation-dystrophic changes in periodontal tissues and cells.

Key words: periodontitis, parodontosis, gingival ultrastructure, coagulation dystrophy 

 ABSTRACT

Aim: The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of occupational hygiene procedures for microbiological and cytological contents of periodontal pockets. Material and Methods: Cytological and microbiological content of the periodontal pockets before treatment and after professional hygiene procedures including scaling with hand instruments and root cementum polishing have been investigated in patients with periodontitis.

Results: According to obtained data it can be resumed that in periodontitis patients with the depth of pockets 3-5,5 mm before professional hygiene all the pockets contain great number of Cocci, Spirochetes, Candida Albicans, Flagellated rods and Protozoa species. It was proved by revealing of small amount of Polymorphonuclear leukocytes with active phagocytosis. After scaling and planing of the roots, a decrease in the number of Protozoa and Candida Albicans was observed in 97% and 72% of the investigated cells, respectively.

Conclusions: Cytological and microbiological content of periodontal pockets before treatment and after professional hygiene procedures including scaling and root planning testify to the level of local protective mechanisms, especially process of phagocytosis and virulence of microbial species in periodontal pockets. KEY WORDS: periodontitis, scaling, microbiological, cytological investigation 

UDC 616.314.2-007.53:616.716.8-073.97 

Electromyography is the most objective and reliable technique for evaluating muscle function and efficiency by detecting their electrical potentials, assessing the extent and duration of muscle activity. The main aim of surface electromyography is to detect the signals from many muscle fibers in the area of the detecting surface electrodes. Studies by many foreign and domestic researchers have identified the impact of sagittal malocclusion on the function of the masticatory muscles. The aim of our study was to establish the relationship between the distal occlusion and the activity of the masticatory muscles in orthodontic patients.
Methods: 15 orthodontic patients aged (15.33±0.86) years with a distal occlusion were examined. The results of clinical and functional examinations during and after orthodontic treatment were analysed. An electromyographic study of the masticatory and temporomandibular muscles in the examined patients was performed. Patients were examined in accordance with the main requirements of the Helsinki Declaration for Biomedical Research (Seoul, 2008).
Scientific novelty. The electromyographic activity of the biopotentials of the masseter and masseter muscles in stable and advanced position of the mandible in 15 patients with a distal occlusion was compared. A significant difference was found between stable and asdvanced position of mandibular in decreasing of the following parameters: in the maximum chewing amplitude of the left anterior temporalis muscle, the maximum chewing amplitude of the right anterior temporalis muscle, n the maximum chewing amplitude of the left masseter muscle, and the maximum chewing amplitude of the right masseter muscle.
Conclusion. Тhe electromyographic study of the masticatory and temporomandibular muscles in patients with a distal occlusion, functional changes in the activity of the masticatory muscles at rest and in the advanced position of the mandible were revealed.
Key words: electromyographic activity, distal occlusion, masticatory muscles, temporal muscles.

Основною метою поверхневої електроміографії є виявлення сигналів від багатьох м’язових волокон у ділянці детектуючих поверхневих електродів. Дослідження багатьох зарубіжних і вітчизняних науковців визначили вплив сагітальних аномалій прикусу на функцію жувальних м’язів.
Метою нашого дослідження було встановлення взаємозв’язку між дистальним прикусом та активністю жувальних м’язів у ортодонтичних пацієнтів.
Методи дослідження. Проведено клінічне обстеження 15 ортодонтичних пацієнтів віком 15,33±0,86 років з дистальним прикусом. Проаналізовано результати клінічного і функціонального обстеження на початку та після завершення ортодонтичного лікування. Проведено електроміографічне дослідження жувальних та вискових м’язів у обстежених пацієнтів. Обстеження пацієнтів проводили з дотриманням основних вимог Гельсінкської Декларації щодо біомедичних досліджень (Сеул, 2008).
Наукова новизна. Проведено порівняння електроміографічної активності біопотенціалів вискового і жувального м’язів при стабільному і вимушеному (протрузії) положенні нижньої щелепи у 15 пацієнтів з дистальним прикусом. Виявлено достовірну різницю між показниками при стабільному та вимушеному положенні нижньої щелепи за такими параметрами: зниження максимальної амплітуди жування лівого переднього вискового м’язу в 1,5 раза, зменшення максимальної амплітуди жування правого переднього вискового м’язу в 1,8 раза, зниження максимальної амплітуди жування лівого жувального м’язу і зниження максимальної амплітуди жування правого жувального м’язу майже в 3 рази. 
Висновок. Під час електроміографічного дослідження жувальних і вискових м’язів у пацієнтів з дистальним прикусом виявлено функціональні зміни в активності жувальних м’язів у стані спокою і у вимушеному положенні нижньої щелепи.
Ключові слова: електроміографічна активність, дистальний прикус, жувальні м’язи, скроневі м’язи.