Aim: The study aimed to determine the peculiarities of the micro- and ultrastructural organization of the skin under conditions of a four-week administration of an opioid to experimental animals.
Materials and Methods: The study material included skin samples of white rats with injected vascular beds, histological preparations, and ultrathin skin
sections. The research methods involved injection techniques, histological analysis, electron microscopy, morphometric measurements, and statistical analysis.
Results: The results of the study revealed that after four weeks of nalbuphine administration to experimental animals, blood stasis was observed in the lumen of the capillaries and venules, along with perivascular edema and perivascular infiltrates consisting of neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and tissue basophils. The electron density of the nuclei and cytoplasm of the granular layer keratinocytes was reduced, keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum acquired a rounded shape, with some nuclei appearing shrunken and hyperchromatic, and their cytoplasm exhibiting vacuolization. In the reticular layer, thickened bundles of collagen fibers were observed, with localized swelling and fragmentation of the collagen fibers. Excessive formation of scales was noticed in the stratum corneum. The papillary layer of the dermis contained numerous mast cells and lymphocytes near blood vessels. The shape of sebaceous and sweat gland cells was altered, with swollen cytoplasm, and lymphohistiocytic infiltration was observed around them. A decrease (p<0.05) in the density of capillary loops in the subpapillary vascular plexus of the skin in the gluteal region of white rats after four weeks of nalbuphine administration, along with an increase (p>0.5) in the trophic activity index of the skin, confirms profound destructive changes in the vascular architecture of the skin.
Conclusions: Four weeks of nalbuphine administration induces irreversible pathological processes in all skin components.
Plato’s Alcibiades-1 is being researched in order to illustrate the difficulty of defining good and just actions, especially in the context of existence of ideal and real worlds. The concept of common moral values is questioned, as decision-making often involves ethical dilemmas. The principle of double effect (allowing base consequence for good purpose) is discussed and questioned in more complex situations. The aforementioned problems are discussed in their interaction. The article challenges simplistic justifications for war and emphasizes the need for critical reflection on the morality of conflict. Philosophers like Heraclitus saw war as a necessary part of progress. Hobbes viewed a state of nature as constant war of all against all, driven by self-interest.
UDC 615.214:(618.231:618.6):339.138
According to studies, depression in women occurs during pregnancy or within 4 weeks after delivery and can last up to 6 months. or even up to a year after birth. The most common in treating depression in pregnant women and during breastfeeding are antidepressants of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) group. The study aimed research the range and price situation in pharmacies (on the example of Lviv) of antidepressants SSRIs group used to treat depression in women in the prenatal and postnatal periods. The objects were the data of the State Register of Medicinal Products of Ukraine and the ATC / DDD Index 2021 and also information on the prices for medicines in pharmacies in Lviv and the average salary of full-
time employees in Lviv region as of February 2021. Methods used: system, statistical, comparison analysis, generalization. It is shown that in Lviv pharmacies there were more than half of the trade names (TNs) of antidepressants of the SSRIs group registered in Ukraine. Based on 1 defined daily dose (DDD), on the one hand, competitive pricing and relative economic affordability for four-fifths of the studied drugs in terms of specific TNs, on the
other ‒ a small number (14.6%) of the most affordable TNs antidepressants of the SSRIs group. We researched that there were six international non-proprietary names of antidepressants of the SSRIs group in the form of 77 trade names (TN) were registered in Ukraine in February 2021. There were only 41 or 53.9% of their TN was present in Lviv pharmacies. We determined that the lowest prices of 1 DDD among the TNs antidepressants of SSRIs group are characteristic of Fluxen capsules No 30 and Fluoxetine 20 mg tablets of Ukrainian production. The highest prices of 1 DDD are inherent in the Cipramil 20 mg tablets and Cipralex 10 mg tablets of Danish production. We found that the overall value of the price liquidity ratio for the vast majority (33 or 80,5% out of 41 TNs) antidepressants of SSRIs group of TNs present in pharmacies in Lviv does not exceed 0.5, which indicates an intensely competitive environment in the regional market of these drugs and the relative availability in pharmacies of a particular TN of the studied antidepressants. On the other hand, the most affordable for a price of 1 DDD were only 6 or 14.6% of TNs antidepressants of the SSRIs group, which have low values of affordability.
The aim: The purpose of the research is to study the understanding of student pharmaceutical youth the eating behavior in the context of the EBW and obesity.
Materials and methods: The material of the study was anonymous questionnaire survey the students of the pharmaceutical faculties from Ukraine.
Results: The results of the questionnaire were analyzed using methods of statistics, comparison and generalization. Almost 9 out of 10 respondents from both universities
consider the reason of obesity a sedentary lifestyle and poor nutrition, and the most effective way to treat it is physical activity, though only 36.3% and 28.4% of students of
the corresponding samples have it constantly.
Conclusions: The questionnaire showed a lack of eating behavior, of their knowledge of the basic issues of the EBW and obesity, as well as differences in personal perception
and the desire for the practical implementation of queries regarding the weight of their body that may further affect the professional ability of young specialists in influencing
the processes of formation and improving the quality of their lives and patients’ lives.
Ischemic stroke belongs to the leading causes of death and disability in the world and Ukraine. The surviving rates depend on the quality of the provided medical care. The research aimed to analyze the quality of medical care related to pharmacotherapy of ischemic stroke. The clinical indicators for quality are the quantitative or qualitative indicants that have evidence or consensus of direct influence on it. Six of them relate to acute ischemic stroke
pharmacotherapy (namely, thrombolytic, antiplatelet, anticoagulant, and lipid-lowering agents use at different stages of hospital stay) and were investigated in this retrospective analysis of 151 patients’ medical records of one of the specialized hospital departments in Lviv city. The clinical indicators for quality of medical care showed that pharmacological treatment using antithrombotics (antiplatelets and anticoagulants) at the admission to the hospital
corresponded to standards and quality was defined as high with rates of 65.6% and 85.4%. At discharge, the indicator analysis of pharmacotherapy revealed existing problems for antithrombotic (2 indicators) and lipid-lowering (1 indicator) pharmacotherapy with rates of 33.3% and 47.7%.
The outcomes concluded the existence of problems related to pharmacotherapy. The complex of three algorithms was introduced to improve the quality of medical care.