Global demand for crude oil has grown signi- ficantly over the past two decades. However, conventional light crude oil production is declining, and more and more deposits of heavy and waxy oil, including high waxy ones, are being developed, creating new technological challenges at every level of the process, from production to trans- portation and refining. Among the various problems, the main one is wax deposition. Since the costs of maintenance, repair, and achieving the required low-temperature properties of commercial oil products are very high, solving this problem becomes critical. The paper discusses the existing problems of production, transportation, and refining of waxy crude oil and analyzes the methods of their solution.
УДК: 612.822:616.831-092.18
This review aims to summarize the world's scientific sources that highlight the current vision of the role of the brain glymphatic system in the utilisation of end metabolites from the central nervous system. It has been reported that protein clots or aggregates that are produced in brain cells and, importantly, failure of their elimination can cause cognitive problems in neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's dis- ease, as well as the other neurodegenerative diseases, the aging process can be reproduced in experimental models by overproducing these conglomerates.Current investigations are focused as well on clarifying changes in brain glymphatic drainage in the condition of traumatic brain injury. Modern research has shown that acute brain injury, including traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, or stroke, dramatically alters glymphatic function. It is evident that aging is a critical risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. It has also been experimentally proven that glymphatic activity decreases with aging. Accordingly, this can lead to the accumulation of misfolded and hyperphosphorylated proteins, and thus the brain becomes vulnerable to the development of neurodegenerative pathology. Comprehensive analysis of the causes and mechanisms of glymphatic system dysfunction will help to predict and develop methods for diagnosing and treating serious neurodegenerative diseases and traumatic brain injuries.
УДК 616.314 - 085. 454. 1 - 085. 243. 3 : 547. 56 ] : 615.281 ] - 089. 23
Summary. It is important to solve the problem of complex treatment and prevention of periodontal diseases in orthodontic patients by developing new drugs that have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant effects and are included in effective treatment regimens. Orthodontic treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances contributes to a significant decrease in the level of individual oral hygiene against the background of oxidative stress. Therefore, the aggressiveness of periodontal pathogenic microflora increases, which contributes to the deepening of the inflammatory process in the tissues of the periodontal complex.
The aim of the study – to determine the antimicrobial activity of the developed periodontal gel composition based on flavonoid complex and benzidamine hydrochloride against microorganisms isolated from periodontal pockets of orthodontic patients with dystrophic-inflammatory diseases of periodontal tissues.
Materials and Methods. The efficacy of antimicrobial preservatives of the patented gel composition “Benzidaflaziverdine” (GCB) and the comparison drug “Cholisal” was evaluated according to the recommendations given in the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine (SPU). GCB samples were inoculated with suspensions of daily cultures of reference strains of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans and Aspergillus so that the final concentration of colony forming units (CFU) was 105-106 per ml. Isolates obtained from the oral cavity and periodontal pockets of orthodontic patients (S. aureus, S. pyogenes, S. mutans, E. faecalis, Rothia sp, bacteria of the Actinomycetaceae family, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans) were also used. Samples were taken after 2, 7, 14 and 28 days and the concentration of
CFU of microorganisms was determined. Two methods were used to determine the antimicrobial activity: the standard “well” method regulated by the SPU, as well as a modification of the suspension method for determining the specific activity of disinfectants and other antimicrobial substances and compounds. To assess the reduction in the concentration of microorganisms, the decimal logarithm of the reduction in CFU inthe samples (Log10 rate of reduction) was calculated.
Results and Discussion. The results of using a modification of the suspension method, the peculiarity of which was to dilute equal proportions of GCB with a bacterial suspension, showed a wellpronounced antibacterial activity of GCB. At the same time, the activity of GCB against methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolate did not differ from that against sensitive isolates. The activity of GCB can be characterized as species-specific; the effect on individual isolates of the same species differed slightly. GCB activity was high against streptococci, Rothia sp. and pseudomonas (P. aeruginosa). For S. aureus, S. pyogenes and C. albicans, the dynamics of the decrease in CFU during exposure to GCB for 40 minutes was determined. It was found that the maximum Lоg10 rate of reduction of CFU of staphylococcus aureus and pyogenic streptococcus occurred in the first 10-15 minutes of incubation. Thus, analyzing the results obtained, we found no statistically significant differences between the absolute values of Lоg10 CFU reduction for GCB and the comparison drug “Cholisal”.
Conclusions. The developed GCB in terms of its antimicrobial properties fully meets the requirements of the SPU in terms of the indicator “antimicrobial activity of preservatives”. The probable synergism of a low dose of nipagine introduced into the composition and the antimicrobial properties of benzidamine hydrochloride, which is in optimal ratio with Proteflazid® (flavonoid complex), provided high antimicrobial properties of the developed drug, which can be recommended as a periodontal dressing for the treatment of periodontal tissue diseases in orthodontic patients in preparation for the active period of orthodontic treatment, and in cases of stopped remission at different periods of bracket systems use.
UDC: 616.314.17-008.1-007.17-036.1-076.4
Dystrophic changes of all periodontal structures and teeth in patients with periodontitis and generalized periodontitis were investigated in the study. Characteristic signs of the gums’ pathological contour, as well as other clinical and radiological features of dystrophy differ in patients with periodontitis and generalized periodontitis and contribute to the improvement of their differential diagnosis. Ultrastructural examination of the patients’ gums with periodontitis revealed disseminated microthrombosis, mucoid edema and fibrinoid transformation of intermediate connective tissue, and coagulation-dystrophic changes in periodontal tissues and cells.
Key words: periodontitis, parodontosis, gingival ultrastructure, coagulation dystrophy
ABSTRACT
Aim: The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of occupational hygiene procedures for microbiological and cytological contents of periodontal pockets. Material and Methods: Cytological and microbiological content of the periodontal pockets before treatment and after professional hygiene procedures including scaling with hand instruments and root cementum polishing have been investigated in patients with periodontitis.
Results: According to obtained data it can be resumed that in periodontitis patients with the depth of pockets 3-5,5 mm before professional hygiene all the pockets contain great number of Cocci, Spirochetes, Candida Albicans, Flagellated rods and Protozoa species. It was proved by revealing of small amount of Polymorphonuclear leukocytes with active phagocytosis. After scaling and planing of the roots, a decrease in the number of Protozoa and Candida Albicans was observed in 97% and 72% of the investigated cells, respectively.
Conclusions: Cytological and microbiological content of periodontal pockets before treatment and after professional hygiene procedures including scaling and root planning testify to the level of local protective mechanisms, especially process of phagocytosis and virulence of microbial species in periodontal pockets. KEY WORDS: periodontitis, scaling, microbiological, cytological investigation