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Підручник складено відповідно до нової навчальної програми за єдиним планом. Висвітлено загальні положення, етіологію, патогенез захворювань різних органів і систем, традиційні та сучасні можливості діагностики.

У розділі І описано управління якістю клінічних лабораторних досліджень, що на даний час є актуальним. У наступних розділах описано сучасні уявлення про обмін білків, вуглеводів, ліпідів, гормонів, мінералів та води, кислотно-лужному стану в нормі та при патологічних станах. Практичне застосування біохімічних досліджень оцінене через можливість ранньої діагностики захворювання, моніторинг життєво важливих функцій організму хворого, моніторинг реакції на лікувальні заходи.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most significant and common cause of visual impairment in diabetes patients. The aim of the study was to enhance the understanding of the pathogenesis of DR associated with metabolic syndrome (MS) and elucidate the role of cellular and humoral immunity factors. The study included 130 patients. Group 1 comprised 70 patients diagnosed with DR and insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes against the background of MS. Group 2 included 60 patients diagnosed with DR and non-insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes associated with MS. The immunological analysis focused on evaluating subpopulations of blood lymphocytes using flow cytometry; systemic inflammation markers, such as CRP, specific IgA, IgM, and IgG, cytokines measured by ELISA. Significant changes in immune status were observed in patients with DR associated with MS, depending on diabetes compensation. In Group 1 patients with DR, more pronounced alterations in the T-cell immunity pathway were observed, including T-cell immunodeficiency accompanied by the activation of killer and B-cell immunity, compared to non-insulin-dependent patients. Both groups exhibited type IV hypersensitivity reactions. Elevated CRP level was detected only in insulin-dependent patients with DR. An analysis of the immune parameters indicated predominant activation of the specific humoral immunity pathway, suggesting chronicity of the condition. Non-insulin-dependent patients showed significant activation of mucosal humoral defenses and early humoral protective mechanisms. The data revealed more pronounced changes in specific humoral immunity markers, such as immunoglobulins, compared to systemic inflammation markers like CRP.

Abstract

This collective opinion paper, based on presentations delivered during the two-day European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM) Strategic Conference 2026, “Laboratory Medicine for Society” (Prague, Czech Republic, 24–25 April 2026) offers a forward-looking overview of the Federation’s strategic priorities, ongoing initiatives, and future projects aimed at enhancing the value, visibility, and societal contribution of laboratory medicine, thereby ensuring a bright and sustainable future for the profession. By generating actionable information that supports clinical decision-making across the entire continuum of care, laboratory medicine contributes substantially to improving patient outcomes, enhancing healthcare efficiency, and promoting population health.

Abstract

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most significant and common cause of visual impairment in diabetes patients. The aim of the study was to enhance the understanding of the pathogenesis of DR associated with metabolic syndrome (MS) and elucidate the role of cellular and humoral immunity factors. The study included 130 patients. Group 1 comprised 70 patients diagnosed with DR and insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes against the background of MS. Group 2 included 60 patients diagnosed with DR and non-insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes associated with MS. The immunological analysis focused on evaluating subpopulations of blood lymphocytes using flow cytometry; systemic inflammation markers, such as CRP, specific IgA, IgM, and IgG, cytokines measured by ELISA. Significant changes in immune status were observed in patients with DR associated with MS, depending on diabetes compensation. In Group 1 patients with DR, more pronounced alterations in the T-cell immunity pathway were observed, including T-cell immunodeficiency accompanied by the activation of killer and B-cell immunity, compared to non-insulin-dependent patients. Both groups exhibited type IV hypersensitivity reactions. Elevated CRP level was detected only in insulin-dependent patients with DR. An analysis of the immune parameters indicated predominant activation of the specific humoral immunity pathway, suggesting chronicity of the condition. Non-insulin-dependent patients showed significant activation of mucosal humoral defenses and early humoral protective mechanisms. The data revealed more pronounced changes in specific humoral immunity markers, such as immunoglobulins, compared to systemic inflammation markers like CRP.