The growing number, prevalence, numerous complications, and deaths in patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract
(CAKUT) indicate the high relevance of the declared topic. Currently, clinical medicine is actively engaged in research on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that cause the appearance of these diseases.

Aim: The aim of the work is to study genetic markers of CAKUT and the tendency to a more severe course of pyelonephritis in young children.

Material and methods: Using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction method, 50 children with pyelonephritis were examined for the presence of deletion alleles of the glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1) and glutathione S-transferase theta 1 (GSTT1) genes.

Results and discussion: As a result, 35 children were diagnosed with certain CAKUT. A statistically significant associative relationship between the development of pyelonephritis in a child and the presence of a null allele GSTM1 0/0 in its genotype and a high probability of CAKUT with quantitative and positional anomalies and impaired formation and differentiation of renal tissue in carriers of null alleles GSTT1 0/0, GSTM1 0/0 in their combination was revealed.
Conclusions: The fact that different forms of abnormalities are detected in members of the same family suggests that certain genetic mutations can potentially lead to CAKUT syndrome, but the final phenotype of the renal system depends either on the genetic background or on environmental factors.

The purpose of this study is to substantiate the choice and evaluate the efectiveness of therapeutic tactics aimed at suppressing collagen formation and improving metabolic processes in the kidney parenchyma in young children with pyelonephritis against the background of vesicoureteral refux associated with undiferentiated tissue dysfunction. 67 children from 2 weeks to 3 years old with pyelonephritis and vesicoureteral refux were examined. All children during the period of remission of the infammatory process were examined for the content of oxyproline in the urine. Urine crystallinity and urinary excretion were determined, and markers of the morphofunctional state of the cytomembranes of the renal epithelium were determined: calcifcation test—the presence of polar lipids in the urine and test for the presence of lipid peroxidation products in the urine.
Children with high urinary hydroxyproline excretion prior to protocol treatment of pyelonephritis during the remission of the infammatory process at the stage of maintenance therapy were recommended to receive metabolic preparations that can inhibit collagen formation and improve parenchyma metabolic processes during the month—vitamin E 10% and l-carnitine in age-related doses. After 6 months, a study was made on the functional state of the renal parenchyma in the dynamics of treatment. After metabolic antihypoxic and membrane-protective therapy, there was a signifcant positive dynamic of all markers of tissue hypoxia and membrane destruction in the kidney parenchyma, which confrms the inhibition of collagen formation processes and a decrease in tissue hypoxia with vitamin E and l-carnitine in age-related doses.