This article focuses on the retentive properties of teeth prepared for metalceramic crowns and bridges. A total of 268 teeth prepared for metalceramic restorations were studied, as well as three- and twodimensional images of 3D-scanned plaster models. Results of the study: The minimal preparation cone was 4,5° and the maximum was 51,5°. In general, satisfactory tooth preparation was found in 31 out of 268 teeth or 11,56% of the total number of columns examined. The remaining 237 teeth (88,44%) were characterized by unsatisfactory preparation parameters. Conclusion: In general, acceptable tooth preparation was found in 31 teeth out of 268, which is 11,56% of the total number of examined samples. The remaining 237 teeth (88,44%) were characterized by unsatisfactory preparation parameters. Keywords: Total convergence angle, metalceramic, fixed prosthodontics

In modern surgical dental practice, dentists often face the need to close soft tissue defects in the oral cavity. Recent research has been aimed at developing surgical methods that would ensure the sanitation of the inflammatory lesion, the revival of physiological processes at the site of the soft tissue defect, or create conditions for their recovery and ensure full function. The ease of access to the buccal fat pad arouses interest in its use for closing defects. The study aimed to analyze and study the literature data on various methods of using buccal fat pads for autotransplantation in the treatment of maxillofacial defects in comparison with the use of other grafts. Results: In recent years, methods of reconstructive plastic surgery using autografts have become widespread. There is evidence in the literature of positive results of surgical closure of tissue defects using autografting of adipose tissue and, in particular, the buccal fat pad. The buccal fat pad has its connective tissue capsule and a well-developed vascular network, which provides nutrition to the graft and rapid healing of the postoperative wound; it does not require preliminary preparation and adaptation to the recipient bed. This allows it to be used in maxillofacial surgery to close defects of the upper jaw, eliminate the oral-antral junction, reconstruction of intraoral defects, such as oroantral fistula, in the loss of mandibular bone mass in the areas of molars and premolars, to eliminate defects after treatment of oncological processes of the face. Conclusions: The favorable anatomical location, good blood supply, and almost complete absence of innervation of the buccal fat pad alleviate the surgeon's task and give better results of operations. The study proves the process of wound epithelialization one week after surgery and a stable clinical flow without complications in the long-term follow-up, which proves the relevance of the use of the buccal fat pad in modern maxillofacial surgery to improve existing and develop new methods of autotransplantation. Keywords: Buccal fat pad, maxillofacial defects, methods of reconstructive plastic surgery, osteoplastic materials, autografting, long-term follow-up

УДК 616.314-089.818.1: 616.314-089.29-24

Мета – провести огляд наукової літератури й узагальнити результати досліджень, присвячених ортопедичному зубному лікуванню керамічними вінірами. Матеріал та методи. Пошук наукової інформації щодо ортопедичного зубного лікування керамічними вінірами проводився з використанням баз даних PubMed та Web of Science. У дослідженні використано бібліосеман-тичний та аналітичний методи. Результати. Вініри дають змогу відновлювати форму та колір окремо взятого зуба чи групи зубів, але, на відміну від коронок, вони покривають не весь зуб, а лише одну чи дві його поверхні. Саме слово «вінір» походить від англійського дієслова «to veneer» – «облицьовувати», «покривати тонким шаром». Сучасні вініри виготовляють меншою мірою (прямим методом) з композитів, більшою мірою – із кераміки. Сьогодні на стоматологічному ринку існує багато різноманітних видів кераміки. Водночас, у стоматологіч- ному середовищі тривають дискусії щодо переваг та недоліків тих чи інших видів кераміки, особливостей їх препарування, показників клінічного успіху тощо. У статті розглянуто питання показів і протипоказів до застосування керамічних вінірів. Описано основні види препарування зубів під вініри. Приділено увагу методам отримання відбитків для виготовлення вінірів і виготовленню тимчасових конструкцій з захисною та естетичною метою. Проаналізовано властивості основних видів кераміки, з яких виготовляються вініри. Представлено основні аспекти обробки поверхні кераміки і твердих тканин зуба перед цементуванням та особливості самої фіксації на цемент. Розглянуті показники тривалості використання керамічних вінірів. Висновки. Керамічні вініри успішно використовуються в естетичній стоматології вже понад 30 років. Вдале функціонування вінірів залежить від того, наскільки правильно проведено препарування, обрано матеріал і дизайн конструкції. Основним видом ускладнення, пов’язаним з функціо- нуванням вінірів, є сколи кераміки. Більш часте використання в практич- ній роботі міцнісних типів кераміки, з-поміж яких особливо слід вирізнити склокераміку (пресовану), яка ще й є досконалою за своїми естетичними характеристиками, допоможе зменшити частоту ускладнень. Ключові слова: керамічні вініри, естетичне зубне протезування.

Abstract.
The purpose of the study was to conduct a review of the scientific literature and summarize the results of studies devoted to orthopedic dental treatment with ceramic veneers. Materials and methods. The search for scientific information on orthopedic dental treatment with ceramic veneers was carried out using the PubMed and Web of Science databases. The solution of the tasks set in the work was carried out using a systematic approach in the selection of material, methods of inductive and logical analysis. Bibliosemantic and analytical methods were used in the study. Results and discussion. One of the most popular types of contemporary aesthetic prosthetics is the restoration of tooth crown defects using ceramic veneers. Ceramic veneers have been extensively and successfully used to mask intrinsic staining, to give the appearance of straightening, and to correct minor malformations of anterior teeth without the removal of substantial amounts of tooth structure. A list of indications and contraindications for porcelain veneers is followed by their preparation designs, with emphasis on the importance of maintaining the preparation boundaries within the enamel. Impression-taking procedures, provisional restoration fabrication, the choice of porcelain materials and the main aspects of processing the ceramic surface and hard tooth tissue before cementation and the features of cement fixation are presented. The continued development of dental ceramics offers clinicians many options for creating highly aesthetic and functional porcelain veneers. Nowadays the introduction of milled glass-ceramic materials is expected to overcome the fracture issue due to the enhanced strength of this material as compared to the original feldspathic formulations. Conclusion. Ceramic veneers have been successfully used in aesthetic dentistry for over 30 years. Further success of dental veneers depends on the ability of the preparation to be carried out correctly, the material and technique chosen for prosthetics and is directly correlated with the level of the doctor’s competence in this field. The main type of complication associated with the functioning of veneers is ceramic chipping. More frequent use in practical work of strong types of ceramics, among which glass ceramics (pressed), which are also perfect in terms of their aesthetic characteristics, will allow to reduce the frequency of complications. Therefore, it is important to pay more attention to the features of the clinical and laboratory stages of production of ceramic veneers in the improvement studies for dentists on the faculties of postgraduate education. Keywords: ceramic veneers, esthetic dental treatment.

A 30 year old female patient presented with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis of both  LR6 and LL6 teeth. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) of the region revealed, a middle mesial canal in tooth LR6, and a middle distal canal in tooth LL6. The case was managed with K files (Dentsply Maillefer), K file Nitiflex (Dentsply Maillefer), Protaper Next (Dentsply Maillefer), XP-endo Shaper (FKG) and BT-Race (FKG) under copious irrigation with sodium hypochlorite, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and saline. Premixed bioceramic sealer TotalFill (FKG) and gutta percha were used for root canal obturation. The access cavities were restored using glass ionomer cement and resin composite. A 12-month review showed that the teeth were functional within normal periodontal parameters. The favourable clinical and radiographic outcome in this case demonstrated that the treatment approach followed is effective in solving complex clinical challenges.