Background: Cytokine storm is a life-threatening immune reaction contributing to the severity of various infectious diseases such as COVID-19, sepsis, Ebola, and Dengue. Understanding its pathophysiology is critical for timely diagnosis and effective treatment. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (September 2024 – January 2025). Keywords included “cytokine storm,” “pro-inflammatory cytokines,” “COVID-19,” “sepsis,” “targeted therapy,” and “personalised medicine.” Studies were analysed thematically. As a narrative review, the findings are limited by the heterogeneity and potential bias of included studies, and no quantitative synthesis was performed. Results: The review outlines key mechanisms of cytokine storm, such as IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α overproduction, and presents clinical cutoff values (e.g., IL-6 > 19.5 pg/mL) associated with disease severity. Targeted therapies (e.g., tocilizumab, anakinra), immunomodulators (e.g., JAK inhibitors), stem cell therapy, and plasmapheresis were reviewed. A personalised approach to treatment based on biomarkers and comorbidities was emphasised. Conclusions: Cytokine storm remains a major challenge in infectious disease management. While therapeutic strategies are evolving, individualised, biomarker-driven treatment offers the greatest potential for improving outcomes
ВЗАЄМОЗВ’ЯЗОК МІЖ ПОКАЗНИКОМ N-ТЕРМІНАЛЬНОГО ФРАГМЕНТУ МОЗКОВОГО НАТРІЙУРЕТИЧНОГО ПЕПТИДУ І РИЗИКОМ СМЕРТІ У ХВОРИХ НА КОРОНАВІРУСНУ ХВОРОБУ ТА СЕРЦЕВУ НЕДОСТАТНІСТЬ
New 4-aryl-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-2-arylimino-2,3-dihydrothiazole derivatives 1.1-1.16 were obtained using the Hantzsch reaction by condensation of N-(morpholin-4-yl)-N'-arylthioureas with the corresponding α bromoacetophenones in alcohols. Synthesized hydrobromides 1.1-1.8 were formed as crystalline precipitates during the boiling of the reaction mixture. Bases 1.9-1.16 were obtained by neutralizing the corresponding hydrobromides with NH4OH solution. It has been proposed a possible mechanism of the reaction that is based on the study of the structure of the synthesized compounds. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy with its special techniques (NOESY and ROESY experiments). It has been shown the formation of the isomer 4-(4'-chlorophenyl)-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-2-(4'-chlorophenylamino)-2.3-dihydrothiazole on the basis of compound 1.14. Pharmacological screening of synthesized derivatives of 4-aryl-2-arylimino-2,3-dihydrothiazole compounds revealed the analgesic effect in the model of visceral pain caused by the introduction of acetic acid to white mice. The anti-inflammatory effect of the synthesized compounds was evaluated in vivo by reducing limb edema in rats with carrageenan-induced inflammation. Thus, the synthesized compounds have analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity.
The article raises a question about the possible and effective kidney transplantation in elderly patients with various severe comorbidities. The analysis is based on an example of successful kidney transplantation from a deceased donor when a 67-year-old patient had severe concomitant background: obesity, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disturbances. Despite unfavorable prognosis and further unpredictable illnesses such as COVID-19, candidal esophagitis, coronary attack, and pneumonia, the patient has not develop graft injury or rejection and kept sufficient kidney function. The research was mainly focused on coexisting illnesses and their influence on kidney transplantation consequences. Following disease groups were discussed regarding their impact on transplantation outcomes and prognosis: arterial hypertension, cardiac disorders, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. Patient’s age, previous interventions, and comorbidities were observed for association with outcomes and risk of graft rejection. A review of available publications compared approaches for recipient selection in different clinical centers as well.
УДК: 61:004.946
У статті проведено екскурс в історію технологій віртуальної реальності. Висвітлено основні тенденції і події, які визначили сучасний стан галузі. Виділено три історичних періоди – до появи концепції віртуальності, період початкових розробок і сучасний період. В сучасному періоді становлення віртуальної реальності значно інтенсифікувались медичні розробки. Практичні застосування технології охоплюють найширші ділянки медицини. В той же час, необхідні доказові дослідження для оцінки їх користі.