Introduction. Infectious diseases have been a threat during all periods of human existence. Primary measures to protect against extremely dangerous pathogens included quarantine, observation and vaccination. Vaccination was crucial in the fight against smallpox — the only disease, which was eradicated on a global scale. The aim of the work was to identify the main stages of development and application of vaccines for the protection against especially dangerous infection (EDI) and the contribution of Ukrainian scientists in the development of vaccines for EDI. Methods. An analysis using the Search Strategy of narrative reviews of literary sources and Internet resource was conducted to systematize data about the application of immunobiological preparations to create an active immunity against several actual EDI. The participation of scientists with Ukrainian roots in the creation of vaccines against this group of diseases is indicated. Results. Smallpox (variolation in China in the 11th century) is known as the first disease against which specifc protection was created. Until the 20s century, the first five vaccines against EDI were developed: smallpox, rabies, anthrax, cholera, and plague. In the 20s century, the list was supplemented by vaccines against typhus, yellow fever, tick-borne encephalitis,тtularemia, brucellosis, coxiellosis (Q-fever), hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). The introduction of new technologies in the 21st century allowed improving existing preparations and creating new ones against Ebola viral disease (EVD), COVID-19 as EDIs relevant ones for the pandemic potential. Outstanding scientists with Ukrainian roots contributed to the creation of vaccines against EDI: V. Khavkin, D. Samoilovich, V. Zhdanov. Conclusion. Protection of the population against EDIs is limited by the number of available effective vaccines. The development of vaccines against COVID-19 has improved the prognosis for containment of the COVID-19 pandemic. 

Навчальний посібник підготовлено відповідно до типової навчальної програми “Епідеміологія” з урахуванням вимог кваліфікаційних характеристик і стандартів освіти на основі нормативно-директивних матеріалів МОЗ України. Стисло викладено основи загальної епідеміології та підходи щодо запобігання виникненню епідемічних ускладнень, захисту населення і території від поширення інфекційних хвороб.
Для магістрів і лікарів-інтернів медичних закладів вищої освіти — університетів, інститутів і академій.

Arboviruses are an ecological group of viruses that are maintained in nature among susceptible vertebrates through biological transmission by blood-sucking arthropods. More than 500 species of arboviruses are known in the world, and 150 of them can cause human diseases. At present, five

arboviruses belonging to four families of RNA-containing viruses (Flaviviridae, Nairoviridae, Phenuiviridae, and Togaviridae) have the greatest clinical significance in Europe. West Nile (WNV), tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV) and Toscana (TOSV) viruses can cause febrile diseases with injuring the central nervous system, Crimean-Congo hemorrhgic fever virus (CCHFV) – hemorrhagic fever, and Sindbis virus (SINV) – fever with arthralgia. WNV and SINV are

transmitted by mosquitoes, TBEV and CCHFV viruses – by ticks, and Toscana virus – by sandflies. The geographical distribution of arboviruses and the spring-autumn seasonality of diseases caused by them coincide with the range and period of activity of blood-sucking arthropod vectors. Dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV), and Chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses are exotic for Europe, but in recent years there has been an increase in cases of them being introduced during travel.

A pandemic of the novel disease COVID-19, caused by the SARS-Cov-2 virus, began in China, which was reported on December 30, 2019. The purpose of the study was to summarize data based on the analysis of official reports and messages, own research on the COVID-19 epidemic. The first case of COVID-19 in Ukraine was registered on March 1, 2020 in the Chernivtsi region. The epidemic of COVID-19 lasted until July 1 st , 2023, when the government of Ukraine announced its termination. According to official data, the incidence of COVID-19 in Ukraine was 128,681 per 1 million population, and the death rate was 2,603 per 1 million population. On average, the mortality rate during the epidemic was 2.1%. Quantitative manifestations of the epidemic process were characterized by five increases in morbidity, each of the next four being more intense than the previous one. Antigenic changes leading to the emergence of the Omicron genetic variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus caused an increase in the contagiousness of COVID-19, so the highest incidence rates were during the circulation of this variant in early 2022.

The active phase of the russian-Ukrainian war is going from February 24, 2022. Military operationsaffect the emergence and spread of viral infectious diseases.

The aim is to study the structure of viral infectious diseases during the russian-Ukrainian war on based of the Public Health Center data, others Department of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, and professional Internet resources.

The data of sentinel and routine epidemiological surveillance in the 2022/2023 epidemic season indicated at 38.2% decrease of intensive incidence rates of acute respiratory viral infections in comparison with the previous epidemic season. In the group of influenza-like diseases, influenza

viruses of type A dominated. In the group of acute respiratory infections, influenza viruses of types A and B were identified in 49.4%, the remaining 50.6% - SARS-CoV-2, para-, adeno-, RS-viruses, rhino-, metapneumoviruses. Increasing of the incidence of intestinal viral infections had been

detected. In 2022, 3,533 cases of rotavirus enteritis were reported in Ukraine, of which 3,388 had been detected in children. During this period, 8 outbreaks of rotavirus enteritis were registered, as a result of which 49 people were injured, including 44 children.