UDC: 611.12:611.013:611.061.1

ABSTRACT. Embryonic heart morphogenesis is a complex and dynamic process, and its mechanisms remain incompletely understood. A wide range of methods are used to study spatial transformations of the heart and its chambers, including histological methods, scanning electron microscopy, optical scanning microscopy, microcomputed tomography, and com-binations thereof. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. Numerous computer models of the heart have been created, based on the analysis of well-known embryonic collections. These models have provided a thorough morpho-metric study of embryonic organ transformations from Carnegie stages 11 to 23 (until the end of the 8th week of gestation). However, only a few similar studies exist in the early fetal period—from the 9th to the 15th week. It should be noted that this period of intrauterine development is extremely important for the final formation of the morphological profile of many cardiac defects. Furthermore, the early fetal heart is characterized by the greatest lack of information regarding the quanti-tative parameters of the numerous developing structures in various cardiac chambers. Thus, many details of cardiac mor-phogenesis are only now being elucidated, in part due to the complex geometric transformations of the chamber cavities and wall structures. These details contribute to a better understanding of the architecture of the embryonic heart and allow for the quantitative assessment of a wide range of chamber geometric parameters and heart wall structures. They also offer a new tool for studying normal cardiogenesis and the development of congenital heart defects. This makes it crucial to use modern tools for 3D modeling of the developing heart based on visual information obtained using classical light and electron microscopy. Key words: heart, ontogenesis, morphogenesis, spatial rearrangements, three-dimensional modeling.

Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine has transformed both the modern battlefield and the microbial environment surrounding the war-wounded. Explosive injuries, prolonged evacuation, and limited opportunities for early decontamination have contributed to an unprecedented rise in multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) infections. This paper describes how routine infection prevention and control (IPC) and antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) systems have become inadequate under conflict conditions and how contamination evolves into colonization and then systemic infection as casualties move through the evacuation pathway. Building on the national IPC and AMS strengthening, we outline a complementary crisis intervention: the application of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear-inspired decontamination principles to routine trauma care. These measures incorporate structured early irrigation and debridement, antiseptic cleansing, removal of contaminated materials, and the use of dedicated decontamination spaces at hospital entry. They
are designed to reinforce existing programs by reducing microbial burden at the earliest point of contact. Implementing this approach aims to disrupt MDRO acquisition and transmission, protect fragile healthcare infrastructure, and mitigate escalating biosecurity risks. Ukraine’s conflict experience has informed the
development of this proposed concept, with formal implementation and impact evaluation planned as thenext phase of work.

Background: The ceremonial inauguration of the Medical Faculty at Lviv University on September 9, 1894, by Emperor Franz Joseph, signified the culmination of a decades-long endeavor to reestablish medical education in Lviv. The institution was initially established in 1784 under the auspices of Emperor Joseph II. However, it was subsequently dissolved in 1805 and subsequently reinstated in 1817, albeit without a medical faculty. This study provides an analysis of the faculty’s complete restoration as a result of international and interdisciplinary collaboration within the political, academic, and architectural spheres in the 19th century within the Habsburg Empire.
Materials and methods: Utilizing archival collections from Ukraine, Austria, and Poland, along with university repositories and current publications, this study performs a contextual and actor-focused analysis. Stakeholders are categorized into three sectors: governmental, academic, and technical. These categories are used to examine their respective roles and interactions.
Results: The reestablishment of the university was driven by the sustained advocacy of Lviv’s academic community, with support from the Galician Governorship, and it was officially authorized by the Viennese Ministry of Education through an Imperial Decree in 1891. Academic contributions from prominent scholars in Lviv, including Henryk Kadyi, and in Cracow, such as Ludwik Teichmann and Napoleon Cybulski, exerted a significant influence on the curriculum and spatial organization of the faculty. The supervision of the construction process was overseen by architect Josef Braunseis and builder Ivan Levynsky, who engaged in close consultation with academic experts. International suppliers furnished essential materials and equipment. The medical faculty was officially established in 1894, with the inaugural academic year commencing in 1894/95.
Conclusions: The restoration of the Medical Faculty in Lviv serves as a prime example of a trans-regional, interdisciplinary Habsburg endeavor, integrating political vision, scientific leadership, and architectural innovation.(Folia Morphol 2026; 85: e01726027)
Keywords: Lviv; university; Ukraine; Habsburg Empire; 19th century; interdisciplinary; Franz Joseph; Henryk Kadyi; architecture; Austria–Hungary

Abstract
Neuroimaging plays a central role in modern neuroanatomy education and neurological diagnosis, yet its roots trace back to the foundational era of X-ray technology. This article examines the historical trajectory of early X-ray methods, with particular focus on the pioneering, though often overlooked,
contributions of Johann Puluj. Although early X-rays could not image the brain or spinal cord, they enabled detailed imaging of the skull and vertebral column, structures essential to neuroanatomical understanding. Puluj's innovations, including the use of an inclined anticathode, led to high-quality
skeletal radiographs, such as the first published full-body X-ray of a stillborn infant taken on February 2, 1896, and published in the Prague newspaper on February 11 and in a British professional journal in April of the same year. These images laid the groundwork for radiographic anatomy and served as such as increased intracranial pressure, neurofibromatosis, or congenital malformations, plainradiographs established the early logic of clinical neuroimaging. The conceptual frameworks theyintroduced for understanding neuroanatomy, for teaching its principles, and for applying them inclinical practice were subsequently expanded by the advent of more advanced dynamic radiographictechniques. Recognizing Puluj's pioneering contributions to the history of X-ray discovery not onlyrestores accuracy to the scientific record but also emphasizes the lasting educational significance ofearly imaging practices. This study highlights the importance of incorporating historical perspectivesinto neuroanatomy curricula to enrich learners' appreciation of modern imaging techniques and theirfoundational origins.
Keywords:
X‐ray computed tomography; X‐rays; cathode ray tube; medical education; neuroanatomy;neuroimaging.