The aim. The purpose of this review is to summarize data on the synthesis and structural modification of heterocyclic systems with triazole and thiadiazole fragments in molecules as promising objects in bioorganic and medicinal chemistry.

Materials and methods. The research based on bibliosemantic and analytical methods using bibliographic and abstract databases, as well as databases of chemical compounds.

Results. Modern medicinal chemistry faces many challenges, one of which is the determination of the activity and specificity of therapeutic agents. Recent scientific data showed that triazoles and/or thiadiazoles have broad spectrum of biological activities, in particular antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer and anticonvulsant. Synthetic research allows to propose a whole number of new molecular design directions of biological active triazole and/or thiadiazole derivatives, as well as to obtain directed library that include hundreds of new compounds. This review is an effort to summarize data of its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity over the last decade. We summarized and analyzed the series of triazole and/or thiadiazole derivatives and provided data of their structure-activity relationship. For optimization and rational design of highly active molecules with optimal «drug-like» characteristics and discovering of possible mechanism of action SAR, QSAR analysis and molecular docking were summarized.

Conclusions. It has been shown that heterocyclic systems containing fragments of triazole and / or thiadiazole are a significant source of promising analgesic and/or anti-inflammatory agents. It has been established that the mentioned heterocyclic derivatives have a high selectivity of action, low toxicity and an effect commensurate with standard drugs

На ультраструктурному рівні при експериментальному опіоїдному впливі за умов двотижневого введення опіоїду з подальшою чотиритижневою його відміною нами спостерігалися,  дегенеративні зміни в пігментному епітелії, зовнішніх та внутрішніх сегментах фоторецепторів, аксонах зовнішнього сітчастого шару, амакринових, біполярних та гангліонарних клітинах сітківки. Було присутнє явище гіперемії та помірний периваскулярний набряк у судинах внутрішнього сітчастого шару.
Через шість тижнів експерименту у щурів, яким впродовж двох тижнів вводили опіоїд, а згодом було проведена його відміна з подальшою корекцією пентоксифіліном впродовж чотирьох тижнів, ми спостерігали прояви загальної тенденції до покращення, що проявлялися незначними дегенеративними змінами пігментного епітелію та деструкцію мембранних дисків зовнішніх сегментів фоторецепторів. Були присутні поодинокі ділянки дегенерації та некротичних змін окремих фоторецепторів, дегенерація окремих біполярних та амакринових нейронів, помірна дегенерація окремих гангліонарних нейронів. В судинних шарах сітківки були присутні незначні прояви дисциркуляторних змін, зокрема в судинах внутрішнього сітчастого шару а також помірні дегенеративні зміни синапсів зовнішнього та внутрішнього сітчастого шарів. 
Через шість тижнів експерименту у щурів, яким впродовж двох тижнів вводили опіоїд, а згодом впродовж чотирьох тижнів продовжували вводити опіоїд з паралельним введенням пентоксифіліну, нами було виявлено гіперемію та периваскулярні набряки в судинах хоріоідеї. Дегенарація та некрози пігментного епітелію, дегенерація та деструкція мембранних дисків зовнішніх сегментів фоторецепторів, відрив окремих зовнішніх сегментів, дегенерація внутрішніх сегментів фоторецепторів, дегенерація та некротичні зміни фоторецепторів, дегенерація та некротичні зміни біполярних та амакринових нейронів, дегенерація гангліонарних нейронів, гіперемія, стази та перивазальні набряки в судинах гангліонарного шару, шару нервових волокон, у внутрішньому сітчастому шарі, реактивні та місцями некротичні зміни клітин Мюллера. 

The issue of ethics in scientific publications remains both relevant and of paramount importance. The literature has extensively documented misconduct issues, problems in publishing and ethics all around the world. Scimago Journal and Country Rank ranked Ukraine in the 45th position globally, underscoring its significant presence in the global research landscape. Despite the good position, from personal observation in scientific publications in Ukraine, the weak sides are the absence of a clear hypothesis, predatory publication, plagiarism, and incorrect citation. The prevalent tendency in the Ukrainian academic community «to publish for the sake of publication, not to be read or cited» is a concern that should be addressed. This inclination is one of the primary issues contributing to the challenges mentioned above. The academic community in Ukraine must shift its focus toward producing high-quality, impactful research that not only gets published but is also read, cited, and contributes to the advancement of knowledge

Tubal factor infertility is one of the most pressing problems of our time, as this condition makes it impossible for a mature organism to produce offspring. The issue of restoring and preserving reproductive health is one of the priority problems of modern gynaecology and reproductive medicine. Therefore, in terms of reproductive health care as a fertility factor, the main focus is on those strategies that can help reduce reproductive losses. In recent years, Ukraine has been experiencing an insufficient level of reproductive health due to the negative impact of socio-economic instability in the country, martial law, falling living standards, and natural conditions. In addition, the ongoing opioid epidemic is a major burden on society and has a detrimental impact on future generations. Many literary sources contain information about the significant adverse effects of opioids on women's reproduction. The fallopian tube is crucial in the mother's interaction with gametes and embryos. For both human and female laboratory white rats, it takes almost four days for the oocytes to pass through the fallopian tube to the uterus. Defects associated with these processes can lead to infertility, which has motivated a wide range of research into the causes and treatments of pathological conditions of the fallopian tube.The article highlights the links of tubal-peritoneal infertility, namely the effect of the narcotic analgesic Nalbufin on the morphometric parameters of the components of the mucous membrane of the ampulla of the fallopian tube: the thickness of the mucous membrane, the thickness of the mucous membrane lamina propria, the width and length of the fold of the mucous membrane of the ampulla of the fallopian tube of the female white rat.

Аssociation between incidence of caries of temporary teeth and pathology of the musculoskeletal system in preschool children, considering biochemical markers of connective tissue metabolism. Bodnaruk N.I., Smolyar N.I., Chukhray N.L., Mashkarinets O.O., Gan I.V. The aim is study biochemical markers of connective tissue metabolism in children with musculoskeletal disorders and their association with dental caries of temporary teeth. There were examined 232 children at the age of 5 (202 children with musculoskeletal disorders and 30 conditionally healthy children without somatic pathology). Among children with musculoskeletal disorders 68 (33.66%) had flat feet, 59 (29.21%) – postural impairment and 75 (37.13%) – combined pathology of the musculoskeletal sestem. For further research, the children were divided into three groups, 30 people in each. Group І included children with pathology of the musculoskeletal system, dental caries, without oxyproline in urine; group ІІ – with pathology of the musculoskeletal system, dental caries and oxyproline in urine; group ІІІ – with dental caries and without oxyproline in urine. Urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans using a nephelometric test with cetylpyridinium chloride was determined. The concentration of creatinine in urine was measured in units of weight in the formation of a chromogenic complex of a solution of picric acid with creatinine in an alkaline medium. Dental status was assessed in terms of caries prevalence, deft index and severity of dental caries. The prevalence of caries of temporary teeth in 5-years old children with musculoskeletal disorders was on average 90.6±2.05%, deft index ─ 6.62±0.20, being significantly higher than in children without somatic pathology (respectively 70.83±4.45% and 5.15±0.34, р<0.001). Oxyprolin was detected only in the urine of children with combined pathology of musculoskeletal system (on average 3.53±0.11 units). The excretion rates of glycosaminoglycans in children with pathology of the musculoskeletal system, dental caries and oxyproline in urine (gr.ІІ) were two times higher than the reference range (415.37±15,09 CPCh units / 1 g creatinine, р<0.001). In theabsence of oxyproline in urine, both in somatically healthy children (gr. ІІІ) and in children with pathology of the musculoskeletal system (gr. І), the levels of excretion of glycosoaminoglycans were within the reference range (respectively 198.83±10.71 and 203.87±12.52 CPCh units / 1 g creatinine. The levels of daily excretion of creatinine were within the normal range in children of gr. ІІІ (1.17±0.13 g/day; in children of gr. І they were 2.85 times lower (0.41±0.05 g/day, p<0.001); in children of gr. ІІ – 6.5 times lower (0.18±0.02 g/day р<0.001). In children of gr. ІІ, a negative correlation was found between the levels of creatinine and oxyproline (τ= -0.68, p<0.05). The absence of oxyproline in the urine of children of gr. І and ІІІ indicates the absence of collagen decay in their bodies. In children with pathology of the musculoskeletal system against the background of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia (gr. ІІ), a strong, positive correlation was found between the deft index and levels of urinary excretion of oxyproline (τ= +0.77, p<0.05) and glycosaminoglycans (τ= +0.90, p<0.05), which indicates that the development of dental caries depends on the severity of the pathology of the musculoskeletal system.