INTRODUCTION
Invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) remains a widely used respiratory support for the sickest very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants. However, prolonged exposure to this invasive treatment can be associated with adverse outcomes. It is essential to establish the factors which influence the duration of MV. The study aimed to determine the factors affecting the duration of MV in VLBW infants.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Data obtained from a prospectively created computer database were used in a retrospective cohort study. The database included information about 1,086 VLBW infants < 32 weeks of gestation who were intubated and mechanically ventilated at any time during their hospital stay at Lviv Regional Clinical Hospital between January 2010 and December 2020.
RESULTS
The infants had a mean (SD) gestational age of 27.6 (2.2) weeks and birth weight of 1,007 (262) g. 43% of them were delivered by cesarean section, 26% from multiple pregnancies, 58% were intubated and ventilated at birth, and 49% were treated with surfactant. Severe intraventricular hemorrhages (IVH) occurred in 179 (16%), periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) in 60 (6%), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in 135 (12%), and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in 41 (4%) infants. In 49 (5%) cases, the BPD was severe. 678 (62%) patients survived until discharge. The median (IQR) duration of endotracheal MV was 47 (10-103) hours. BPD (rS = 0.32, p < 0.05), severe BPD (rS = 0.418, p < 0.05), pneumothorax (rS = 0.06, p = 0.05), severe IVH (rS = 0.255, p < 0.05), PVL (rS = 0.15, p < 0.05), sepsis (rS = 0.087, p < 0.05), NEC (rS = 0.088, p < 0.05), antibiotic therapy duration (rS = 0.168, p < 0.05), and smaller gestational age (rS = -0.118, p < 0.05) were reliably associated with longer duration of MV in VLBW infants.
Based on a one-way analysis of covariance, only severe BPD (F = 20.898, p < 0.0001) and PVL (F = 5.989, p < 0.05) significantly and independently increased the duration of MV.
CONCLUSIONS
Severe lung injury and brain injury are the main factors affecting the duration of MV in our 10-year cohort of VLBW infants.

УДК: 616-053.2:378.046.4[477]

Мета публікації – проаналізувати особливості післядипломної освіти в різних європейських країнах та запропонувати шляхи оптимізації розвитку медицини в Україні в умовах сьогодення. Матеріали і методи. Проведено огляд літератури за тематикою отримання медичної освіти в різних країнах, використано дані офіційних Інтернет-ресурсів та дані Міністерства охорони здоров’я України. Результати і обговорення. Наведено короткі відомості про сучасні особливості післядипломної освіти в Україні та світі. Проведено паралелі на різних етапах навчання, проаналізовано їх тривалість, напрями та основні характеристики. Термін підготовки практикуючого лікаря в Україні є одним із найкоротших у світі – 6–9 років, а найдовшим серед європейських країн – у Франції – 9–14 років. Висновки. У процесі реалізації реформування післядипломної освіти в Україні потрібно орієнтуватися на уніфікацію робочих навчальних програм та наближення стандартів післядипломної освіти. Упровадження поступової трансформації системи шляхом збільшення тривалості підготовки післядипломної підготовки дасть змогу наблизити рівень освіти до європейських стандартів і готувати конкурентних спеціалістів.
Ключові слова: післядипломна освіта, медицина, шляхи оптимізації, інтернатура, резидентура.

Development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) after radical nephrectomy remains an extremely pressing contemporary issue.
Postoperative changes of the ultrasound resistance index (RI) in the contralateral kidney not affected by the tumor after surgical treatment of RCC, as well as correlations between changes in IR and in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) remain far from being comprehensively investigated.
The RI changes in the parenchyma of the intact (unaffected by the tumor) kidney before and after surgical treatment for RCC, and establishing correlations between RI changes and creatinine-dependent GFR remain unexplored issues.
Objective. To assess the correlation between RI and GFR in the kidney not affected by the RCC before and after radical nephrectomy.

Materials and methods. The study enrolled 49 patients. Group I included 37 patients with an initial diagnosis of RCC (on the right), Stage III of the disease, and without signs of chronic renal failure (GFR was ≥ 90 ml/min/1.73 m2).
In patients with RCC, six months after surgery, the RI increase in the contralateral kidney unaffected by the tumor was significantly associated with a significant reduction in GFR. Thus, RI can be potentially used to predict the development of CKD in this patient population.

Purpose: The goal of the study was an assessment of the diagnostic performance of diffusion-weighted images (DWI)
and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in distinguishing local recurrence (LR)
of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) from benign conditions after partial nephrectomy.
Material and methods: Thirty-nine patients after partial nephrectomy for solid RCC were enrolled in the study. Patients
were followed up using MRI, which included DWI sequence (b = 800 s/mm2). All patients with MRI features of LR were included in the main group (n = 14) and patients without such features – into the group of comparison (n = 25).
Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of suspicious lesions were recorded. In all patients with signs of locally recurrent RCC, surgical treatment was performed followed by pathologic analysis.
Results: The mean ADC values of recurrent RCC demonstrated significantly higher numbers compared to benign fibrous tissues and were 1.64 ± 0.15 × 10-3 mm2/s vs. 1.02 ± 0.26 × 10-3 mm2/s (p < 0.001). The mean ADC values of RCCs’ LR and benign post-op changes in renal scar substantially differed from mean ADC values of healthy kidneys’ parenchyma; the latter was 2.58 ± 0.05 × 10-3 mm2/s (p < 0.001). In ROC analysis, the use of ADC with a threshold value of 1.28 × 10-3 mm2/s allowed us to differentiate local recurrence of RCC from benign postoperative changes with 100% sensitivity, 80% specificity, and accuracy: AUC = 0.980 (p < 0.001).
Conclusions: The apparent diffusion coefficient of DWI of MRI can be used as a potential imaging marker for the diagnosis of local recurrence of RCC.

Purpose: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in men. The urge to guide treatment tactics based on personal clinical risk factors has evolved in the era of human genome sequencing. To date, personalized approaches to managing PCa patients have not yet been developed. Radiogenomics is a relatively new term, used to refer to the study of genetic variation associated with imaging features of the tumour in order to improve the prognostication of the disease course.
Material and methods: The study is a review of recent knowledge regarding potential clinical applications of radiogenomics in personalized treatment of PCa.
Results: Recent investigations have proven that by combining data on individual genetic tumour features, and radiomic profiling (radiologic-molecular correlation), with traditional staging procedures in order to personalize treatment of PCa, an improved prognostication of PCa course can be performed, and overtreatment of indolent cancer can be avoided. It was found that a combination of multiparametric MRI and gene expression data allowed the detection of radiomic features of PCa, which correlated with a number of gene signatures associated with adverse outcomes.
It was revealed that several molecular markers may drive tumour upstaging, allowed the distinction between the PCa
stages, and correlated with aggressiveness-related radiomic features.
Conclusions: The radiogenomics of PCa is not a comprehensively investigated area of oncourology. The combination
of genomics and radiomics as integrative parts of precision medicine in the future has the potential to become the
foundation for a personalized approach to the management of PCa.