The paper reports a systematic assessment of the radiation-hard Hall probes (RHP) magnetic diagnostic system of the JET tokamak, which is based on InSb semiconductor thin films, and describes the path that lead to the proposal of an innovative magnetic probe concept. A relevant account of RHP operation during the recent deuterium–tritium experimental campaign is also provided, showing correct operation under ITER-like intense neutron flux. The period considered for the systematic assessment of the RHP system ranges from October 2009 to March 2021, during which the machine produced more than 19 000 pulses. The RHP system consists of six three-dimensional Hall probes, which have built-in recalibration capability, thanks to the presence of microsolenoids that produce a local known field during a tailored automatic pre-pulse calibration sequence, that can also be initiated manually. During pulses, the microsolenoids can also be used as inductive sensors as their signals are recorded as well. Moreover, the system provides temperature measurements at the location of the probes, which are continuously recorded too. The assessment demonstrates accurate long-term operation of the RHP system. All the diagnostic channels reliably provide pre-pulse calibration data and pulse signals and the original sensitivities of the Hall sensors are preserved.  Integration considerations and a data fusion analysis lead to the proposal of a high performance, compact, broadband, hybrid field probe, consisting of the combination of an inductive coil and a Hall sensor, to be manufactured by means of the coil technology developed for ITER or an alternative concept with improved radiation-hardness. The hybrid probe is expected to deliver the advantages of both inductive and Hall sensing technologies, essentially in the same package size of a single ITER magnetic discrete probe. In particular, it would solve the problem of the drift of the integrator for long lasting burning plasma discharges. The signals produced by the coil and the Hall sensor, processed by means of a Luenberger–Kalman observer, provide a magnetic field measurement which is non-drifting and low-noise. For these reasons, the hybrid probe has been proposed as the potential primary magnetic diagnostic sensor for future burning plasma experiments and demonstration fusion power plants.

BACKGROUND: Beta (β)-lactam antibiotics (BLAs) are the first-line therapy for non-nosocomial and nosocomial bacterial infections and are
most commonly reported to cause allergic reactions. Approximately 50% of all allergic patients in Europe and the USA suffer from drug
allergies and BLA allergies. The AIM of the study was to assess cross-reactivity reactions between 2nd and 3rd generation cephalosporins in patients with a medical history of BLA reactions and the risk of adverse reactions to BLAs based on the results of the basophil activation test.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: we examined 48 females and 8 males (in all 56 patients) aged 26 to 61 with primary reactions to BLAs and
24 healthy volunteers (control group). 19 (34%) patients were treated with amoxicillin, 18 (32,1%) patients were receiving amoxicillin+clavulanic acid, 6 (10,7%) patients were treated with cefuroxime, and 13 (23,2%) patients with ceftriaxone. Quantitative determination of the CD63 marker of basophil degranulation upon antigen stimulation in whole blood was performed with the use of Flow CAST (FK-CCR) (Bühlmann Laboratories AG, Switzerland). Based on the obtained ВАТresults, the patients were divided into two subgroups: the first group included 33 patients with positive stimulation index but lower CD63 expression (<10%), and the second group included 15 patients with a significantly higher level of CD63 expression (>10 %).
THE RESULT: We showed that patients from the second subgroup had the highest level of CD63 expression and stimulation index when
amoxicillin, whereas the level of CD63 expression and stimulation index were lower whith ceftriaxone; at the same time, the level of CD63 expression and stimulation index were the lowest with cefuroxime. The patients who treated with and reacted to amoxicillin, as shown by high
BAT, also had high CD63 expresiion after ceftriaxone and cefuroxime stimulation. In the first subgroup, urticarial and bronchospasm disappeared within 3 hours of the onset of symptoms in 51.5% of patients, the symptoms persisted for 2-3 days in 42.4% of patients with urticaria and angioedema, whereas maculopapular exanthema persisted for more than a week in 6.1% of the patients. Patients from the first subgroup (with low CD63 expression) had a weak reaction to the culprit antibiotic. Patients from the second subgroup had the strongest reaction to culprit antibiotics: anaphylaxis – 60.0%; Stevens-Johnson syndrome – 6.7%. We established that in patients with hypersensitivity to antibiotics the higher the baseline test scores after in vitro stimulation, the more severe clinical symptoms.
CONCLUSION: for patients with clinical manifestations of BLA in case of conflicting anamnesis data, it is recommended to establish true sensitization to antibiotics and to predict the occurrence of cross-reactions

The article provides a brief description of the heroic work of Ukrainian physicians- volunteers, including allergists, during Russia' s brutal war against Ukraine. Examples of the evacuation of Ukrainian residents, including patients with bronchial asthma, respiratory allergies, COVID-19 and other diseases that worsened under the influence of stress, are given. It briefly described the destroyed hospitals throughout the territory of Ukraine. In such a critical situation, Ukrainian doctors continue to provide assistance to patients, improve their scientific level, each in his place does everything to Victory. The light will defeat the darkness!

The presence of several different autoantibodies (auto-AT) at the same time is a specific peculiarity of the “autoantibody profile” of SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus). It is known that the induction of auto-AT formation involves both nonspecific and antigen-specific immunoregulatory disorders. In apoptosis, the primary changes in the cell membrane composition or/and the excretion of intracellular compounds into the intercellular milieu lead to an inflammatory reaction. The purpose of the study was to highlight the connection between apoptosis and secondary necrosis of granulocytes and
mononuclear (lymphocytes and monocytes) with inflammation activity in patients with SLE to improve diagnosis and basic therapy efficacy. In patients with SLE, secondary necrosis of granulocytes was 3.4 times higher compared to healthy control. Moreover, the level of apoptotic monocytes was 1.87 times higher, and secondary necrosis of monocytes was 5.58 times higher than healthy control. The secondary necrosis of lymphocytes was higher by 9.0 times than in the case of healthy control. The usage of Apolect technology in patients with SLE allows differentiating various cell types of immunological inflammation with the analysis of the degree of apoptosis and secondary necrosis of immunocompetent cells (granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes) to determine the agg

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are formed in a nonenzymatic reaction of the reducing sugars with amino groups of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids of different tissues and body fluids. A relatively small number of studies have been conducted on the role of AGEs in allergic inflammation. In this study, patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) were examined for the presence of Epstein-Barr virus and the content of fluorescent and nonfluorescent AGEs. We have also determined the level of a unique epitope (AGE10) which was recently identified in human serum using monoclonal antibodies against synthetic melibiose-derived AGE (MAGE). The levels of AGE10 determined with an immunoenzymatic method revealed no significant difference in the patients' blood with intermittent AR and chronic EBV persistence in the active and latent phases. It has been shown that there is a statistically significantly smaller amount of AGEs and pentosidine in groups of patients, both with and without viremia, than in healthy subjects. In turn, higher levels of immune complexes than of AGE10 were detected in the groups of patients, in contrast to the control group, which had lower levels of complexes than AGE10 concentration. In patients with active infection, there is even more complexes than of noncomplexed AGE10 antigen. The lower level of AGE in allergic rhinitis patient sera may also be due, besides complexes, to allergic inflammation continuously activating the cells, which effectively remove glycation products from the body.