The rapid development of modern scientific medicine and practice (development of genetic engineering, coronary angiography, use of microprocessors (microminiature implant in eye retina, 3D-print of implants, prostheses) is connected with the scientific-technical progress in recent years, which gave impetus to introduction of extremely complex treatment and diagnostic methods. The use of high-tech medical equipment requires the implementation of modern sanitary and antiepidemic measures of disinfection and sterilization after each manipulation to prevent in-hospital infection/infectious diseases which are related to the grant of medicare (IHI/IPNMD). Every year in the USA, up to 2 million patients who received medical services are registered with IHI/IPNMD cases. IHI/IPNMD is the cause of increased mortality, disability, lengthens stay period of patients in hospitals, increases the financial burden on both patients and healthcare system. According to WHO data mortality from IHI/IPNMD among adult patients ranges from 18.5% to 29.6% and in countries with low- and middle-income level fluctuate in the range of 8.8%-88.9%. Thus, the vital issue today is to strengthen the control system over IHI/IPNMD at all stages of its spread, namely: early detection of sick persons and carriers among patients and medical personnel, monitoring resistance to antibiotics and control over their use in patients treatment, expanding the range of scientific research in the development of new groups of antibacterial drugs, compliance with the sanitary-epidemic regime in hospitals, including the elaboration of modern disinfectants and sterilization agents.

This article discusses the characteristics of the design of thermoelectric generators (TEGs) for cold climates. Since the thermocouples of thermoelectric batteries are produced from different materials, their major properties are studied. Particular attention is given to nanostructured materials regarding the modern class of thermoelectric materials. Two-, three-, and four-component alloys (metallic glasses) of the Fe-Ni(Cu)-P-B system are chosen based on the experience of thermoelectric thermometry. The close chemical composition of two thermoelectrodes enables their compatibility in thermocouple production and satisfactory thermoelectric efficiency of batteries during long-term operation. The improvement of the thermoelectric battery characteristics related to a unit of mass is evaluated. The materials studied are distinguished by the absence of toxic components harmful to the environment at the manufacturing and operating stages.

 УДК 615(091)(092):378(477.83)

У книзі в контексті еволюції фармацевтичної освіти у Львові подано історію заснування і розвитку кафедри технології ліків і біофармації упродовж 1932-2022 рр. Наведено короткі нариси життя, наукової та педагогічної діяльності спіфвробітників кафедри, систематизовано інформацію про дисертаційні роботи на здобуття наукових ступенів доктора і кандидата наук.

УДК 621.397

Показано, як явно збудувати два елементи великого порядку, які не комутують, для випадку неабелевої групи квадратних матриць з ненульовим визначником над довільним скінченним полем. Для отримання таких двох елементів використано відомі результати про побудову елементів великого порядку в скінчених полях загального вигляду. Ключова думка полягає в тому, щоб утворити матрицю, визначник якої дорівнює елементу великого порядку в скінченному полі. Тоді порядок елемента скінченного поля є нижньою межею для порядку матриці. Пропонується утворювати таку матрицю як добуток нижньої трикутної та верхньої трикутної матриць. Розглянуто постквантові асиметричні криптосистеми, які використовують елементи великого порядку з вказаної групи.
Ключові слова: криптографічний захист інформації, скінченне поле, загальна лінійна група, порядок елемента, постквантова криптосистема.

The security of a number of well-known cryptographic primitives (Diffie-Hellman protocol, El-Gamal public key cryptosystem, ElGamal digital signature) is based on the computational complexity of the discrete logarithm problem in a finite cyclic group. In the case of both abelian and non-abelian groups, this complexity is ensured by construction of elements of high (ideally, maximum possible) order from the group. Actually, such elements are used in the implementation of corresponding asymmetric cryptosystems. However, for the case of a non-abelian group, it is not known how to explicitly obtain such elements. Therefore, it is customary to take random elements, that does not guarantee the system's resistance to hacking. The paper shows how to explicitly construct two high order elements that do not commute for the case of non-abelian group of square matrices with nonzero determinant over an arbitrary finite field. To obtain such two elements, known results on the construction of high order elements in finite fields of general form were used. The key idea is to form a matrix whose determinant is equal to high order element in the finite field. Then the order of this element is a lower bound for the order of the matrix. As one of the options, it is proposed to form such a matrix as a product of lower triangular and upper triangular matrices. Post-quantum asymmetric cryptosystems that use high order elements from the specified group are considered. It is shown how, using the constructed elements, to implement the cryptosystem that is analogous to the El-Gamal cryptosystem in the non-commutative case. A simple computational example is given that illustrates the implementation of this cryptosystem in the case of 2×2 matrices with elements from a finite field with 256 elements. Cryptosystems in the field of multivariate cryptography are also considered, for the construction of which high order elements from the specified group of matrices are required. Obtained results can be used in the construction of various post-quantum primitives.